Long-range radars (LRRs) for higher level autonomous driving (AD) will require more antennas than simple driving assistance. The point at issue here is 50-60% of the LRR module area is used for antennas. To miniaturize LRR modules, we use horn and lens antenna with highly efficient gain. In this paper, we propose two high-density implementation techniques for radio-frequency (RF) front-end using horn and lens antennas. In the first technique, the gap between antennas was eliminated by taking advantage of the high isolation performance of horn and lens antennas. In the second technique, the RF front-end including micro-strip-lines, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, and peripheral parts is placed in the valley area of each horn. We fabricated a prototype LRR operating at 77 GHz with only one printed circuit board (PCB). To detect vehicles horizontally and vertically, this LRR has a minimum antenna configuration of one Tx antenna and four Rx antennas placed in 2×2 array, and 30 mm thickness. Evaluation results revealed that vehicles could be detected up to 320 m away and that the horizontal and vertical angle error was less than +/- 0.2 degrees, which is equivalent to the vehicle width over 280 m. Thus, horn and lens antennas implemented using the proposed techniques are very suitable for higher level AD LRRs.

Service composition optimization is a classic NP-hard problem. How to quickly select high-quality services that meet user needs from a large number of candidate services is a hot topic in cloud service composition research. An efficient second-order beetle swarm optimization is proposed with a global search ability to solve the problem of cloud service composition optimization in this study. First, the beetle antennae search algorithm is introduced into the modified particle swarm optimization algorithm, initialize the population bying using a chaotic sequence, and the modified nonlinear dynamic trigonometric learning factors are adopted to control the expanding capacity of particles and global convergence capability. Second, modified secondary oscillation factors are incorporated, increasing the search precision of the algorithm and global searching ability. An adaptive step adjustment is utilized to improve the stability of the algorithm. Experimental results founded on a real data set indicated that the proposed global optimization algorithm can solve web service composition optimization problems in a cloud environment. It exhibits excellent global searching ability, has comparatively fast convergence speed, favorable stability, and requires less time cost.

Communication systems operating in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band have the potential to realize ultra-high throughput and ultra-low latency vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications in 5G and beyond wireless networks. Moreover, because of the weak penetration nature of mmWave, one mmWave channel can be reused in all V2V links, which improves the spectrum efficiency. Although the outstanding performance of the mmWave above has been widely acknowledged, there are still some shortcomings. One of the unavoidable defects is multipath interference. Even though the direct interference link cannot penetrate vehicle bodies, other interference degrades the throughput of the mmWave V2V communication. In this paper, we focus on the multipath interference caused by signal reflections from roads and surroundings, where the interference strength varies in road scenarios. Firstly, we analyze the multipath channel models of mmWave V2V with relay in three typical road scenarios (single straight roads, horizontal curves, and slopes). Their interference differences are clarified. Based on the analysis, a novel method of ZigZag antenna configuration is proposed to guarantee the required data rate. Secondly, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulation. It proves that the ZigZag antenna configuration with an optimal antenna height can significantly suppress the destructive interference, and ensure a throughput over 1Gbps comparing to the conventional antenna configuration at 60GHz band. Furthermore, the effectiveness of ZigZag antenna configuration is demonstrated on a single straight road by outdoor experiments.

We propose two simple weight calculation methods (primary method and enhanced method), that estimate approximated phase plane from a few antenna phase and calculate weights of all antenna elements, for wireless backhaul systems that utilize millimeter wave band massive antenna arrays. Such systems are expected to be used instead of optical fiber for connecting many small cell base stations (SCBSs) to the core network, and supporting the rapid deployment of SCBSs. However, beamforming with massive antenna arrays requires many analog-digital converters (ADCs) and incurs the issue of implementation complexity. The proposed methods overcome the problem by reducing the number of ADCs. Computer simulations clarify the appropriate layout and the number of ADCs connected to antenna elements; the effectiveness of the proposed methods is confirmed by evaluations with measured channel state information (CSI) in propagation experiments on a wireless backhaul system. Experimental verifications on the case of calculating the weight of 200 elements from the phases of just 9 elements show that the array gain degradation from ideal (the case in which the phases of all elements are used estimation) with both methods is less than 0.4 dB in the direct wave dominant environment. In addition, the enhanced method holds the array gain degradation to under 0.8dB in an environment existing reflected waves. These results show that the proposed methods can attain high accuracy beamforming while reducing ADC number.

This paper presents the design and measurement of wideband multi-ring microstrip antennas fed by an L-probe for single- and dual-band operation. The proposed antennas consist of one or two square ring patches and an L-probe arranged in a multi-layered dielectric substrate. By using a thick substrate for the L-probe and optimizing the distances between the L-probe and the patches, wideband performance is successfully achieved. The optimal substrate thickness of the L-probe and patches to obtain good wideband performance were determined, and prototype antennas for single- and dual-band operation were fabricated and tested. The measured fractional bandwidths corresponding to reflection coefficients below -10dB were 46.1% for the single-band antenna and 20.3% and 15.7% for the dual-band antenna. The measured gains of the test antennas in the above bandwidths were 0-6.9dBi for the single-band antenna and 3.0-8.6dBi for the dual-band antenna. Although the E-plane radiation patterns were slightly tilted against the frequency, stable broadside radiation was confirmed. The proposed antennas exhibited excellent performance as wideband planar antennas for single- and dual-band operation. The proposed wideband antennas can be easily extended to a dual linearly polarized antenna by using another L-probe in the orthogonal position.

This study aims to propose a novel traveling-wave series-fed microstrip array antenna and its design. The proposed antenna has two features: additional slits placed on the output side of the antenna element are introduced as a new degree of freedom to control the radiation power from each element. Also, the unequal element spacing is applied to compensate passing phases of each antenna element; meander lines that would increase the insertion loss are not used. A 9-element linear array is designed and tested, and the simulated and measured results agree, thus validating the proposed design.

We have proposed a waveguide to microstrip line transition, which perpendicularly connects one waveguide into two microstrip lines. It consists of only a waveguide and a dielectric substrate with copper foils. A backshort waveguide for typical transitions is not needed. Additionally, the transition does not require via holes on the substrate. These innovations simplify the structure and the manufacturing process. We assume that our transition and antennas are co-located on the substrate. We reduced the undesirable radiation from the transition so as not to contaminate the desirable radiation pattern. In this paper, we address output phase of our transition. Since the transition has two MSL output ports connecting to different radiation elements, the phase error between two dividing signals leads to beam shift in the radiation pattern. Unfortunately, misalignment of etching pattern between copper layers of the substrate is unavoidable. The structural asymmetry causes the phase error. In order to tolerate the misalignment, we propose to add a pair of open stubs to the transition. We show that the structure drastically stabilizes the output phase. Though the stubs create some extra radiation, we confirm that the impact is not significant. Moreover, we fabricate and measure a prototype antenna that uses the transition. In the case of with stubs, the radiation pattern is unchanged even if the misalignment is severe.

This paper proposes a dual linear-polarized open-ended waveguide subarray designed for use in phased array antennas. The proposed subarray is a one-dimensional linear array that consists of open-ended waveguide antenna elements and suspended stripline feed networks to realize vertical and horizontal polarizations. The antenna includes a novel suspended stripline-to-waveguide transition that combines double- and quad-ridge waveguides to minimize the size of the transition and enhance the port isolation. Metal posts are installed on the waveguide apertures to eliminate scan-blindness. Prototype subarrays are fabricated and tested in an array of 16 subarrays. The experimental tests and numerical simulations indicate that the prototype subarray offers a low reflection coefficient of less than -11.4dB, low cross-polarization of less than -26dB, and antenna efficiency above 69% in the frequency bandwidth of 14%.

In this paper, we propose a model of a diversity receiver which uses an antenna whose antenna pattern can periodically change. We also propose a minimum mean square error (MMSE) based interference cancellation method of the receiver which, in principle, can suffer from the interference in neighboring frequency bands. Since the antenna pattern changes according to the sum of sinusoidal waveforms with different frequencies, the received signals are received at the carrier frequency and the frequencies shifted from the carrier frequency by the frequency of the sinusoidal waveforms. The proposed diversity scheme combines the components in the frequency domain to maximize the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) and to maximize the diversity gain. We confirm that the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed receiver can be improved by increase in the number of arrival paths resulting in obtaining path diversity gain. We also confirm that the proposed MMSE based interference canceller works well when interference signals exist and achieves better BER performances than the conventional diversity receiver with maximum ratio combining.

This paper presents a low profile high-efficiency transmitarray (TA) antenna based on a hybrid frequency selective surface (FSS). The hybrid FSS consists of two types of unit cells that have different incident angles and TE/TM polarization. This design minimizes the performance degradation caused by the oblique incident angle when designing a low profile TA antenna. In addition, the set of transmission phases to minimize transmission loss is selected by employing the optimal output phase reference. To verify its feasibility, a low profile TA (focal length/diameter of FSS =0.24) antenna that employs a unit patch antenna with a low gain and wide beamwidth as a feed antenna without an additional structure is designed. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. In particular, the high simulated and measured aperture efficiencies of 42.7% and 41.9%, respectively, are obtained at 10GHz, respectively.

This paper proposes a transparent glass quartz antenna for 5G-millimeter-wave-connected vehicles and clarifies the characteristics of signal reception when the glass antennas are placed on the windows of a vehicle traveling in an urban environment. Synthetic fused quartz is a material particularly suited for millimeter-wave devices owing to its excellent low transmission loss. Realizing synthetic fused quartz devices requires accurate micromachining technology specialized for the material coupled with the material technology. This paper presents a transparent antenna comprising a thin mesh pattern on a quartz substrate for installation on a vehicle window. A comparison of distributed transparent antennas and an omnidirectional antenna shows that the relative received power of the distributed antenna system is higher than that of the omnidirectional antenna. In addition, results show that the power received is similar when using vertically and horizontally polarized antennas. The design is verified in a field test using transparent antennas on the windows of a real vehicle.

Dense deployments of wireless local area network (WLAN) access points (APs) are accelerating to accommodate the massive wireless traffic from various mobile devices. The AP densification improves the received power at mobile devices; however, total throughput in a target area is saturated by inter-cell interference (ICI) because of the limited number of frequency channels available for WLANs. To substantially mitigate ICI, we developed and described a distributed smart antenna system (D-SAS) proposed for dense WLAN AP deployment in this paper. We also describe a system configuration based on our D-SAS approach. In this approach, the distributed antennas externally attached to each AP can be switched so as to make the transmit power match the mobile device's conditions (received power and packet type). The gains obtained by the antenna switching effectively minimize the transmission power required of each AP. We also describe experimental measurements taken in a stadium using a system prototype, the results show that D-SAS offers double the total throughput attained by a centralized smart antenna system (C-SAS).

The spreading technique can improve system performance since it mitigates the influence of deeply faded subcarrier channels. Proposals for implementing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems include frequency symbol spreading (FSS) based on the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). In a single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDMA), good performance is obtained by the interleaved subcarrier allocation. Moreover, in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), interleaving the operation of the different transmit antennas is also effective. By combining these techniques, in this paper, we propose the different antenna interleaved allocation with the full and divided WHT/DFT spreading for a high time resolution carrier interferometry (HTRCI) MIMO-OFDM.

One of key technologies in the fifth generation mobile communications is a distributed antenna system (DAS). As DAS creates tightly packed antenna arrangements, inter-user interference degrades its spectrum efficiency. Round-robin (RR) scheduling is known as a scheme that achieves a good trade-off between computational complexity and spectrum efficiency. This paper proposes a user equipment (UE) allocation scheme for RR scheduling. The proposed scheme offers low complexity as the phase of UE allocation sequences are predetermined. Four different phase selection criteria are compared in this paper. Numerical results obtained through computer simulation show that maximum selection, which sequentially searches for the phase with the maximum tentative throughput realizes the best spectrum efficiency next to full search. There is an optimum number of UEs which obtains the largest throughput in single-user allocation while the system throughput improves as the number of UEs increases in 2-user RR scheduling.

Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a significant source of degradation in many digital communication systems including our proposed non-far region communication system using large array antennas in the millimeter-wave band in which the main cause of ISI can be attributed to the path delay differences among the elements of an array antenna. This paper proposes a quantitative method to evaluate the ISI estimated from the measured near-field distribution of the array antenna. The influence of the uniformity in the aperture field distribution in ISI is discussed and compared with an ideally uniform excitation. The reliability of the proposed method is verified through a comparison with another method based on direct measurements of the transmission between the actual antennas. Finally, the signal to noise plus interference is evaluated based on the estimated ISI results and ISI is shown to be the dominant cause of the degradation in the reception zone of the system.

This paper presents a weighted spatial filter (WSF) design method based on direction of arrival (DOA) estimates for a novel array configuration called a sum and difference composite co-array. A sum and difference composite co-array is basically a combination of sum and difference co-arrays. Our configuration can realize higher degrees of freedom (DOF) with the sum co-array part at a calculation cost lower than those of the other sparse arrays. To further enhance the robustness of our proposed sum and difference composite co-array we design an optimal beam pattern by WSF based on the information of estimated DOAs. Performance of the proposed system and the DOA estimation accuracy of close-impinging waves are evaluated through computer simulations.

Smaller antenna structures for long-range radar transmitters and receivers operating in the 77-GHz band for automotive application have been achieved by using antennas with a horn, lens, and microstrip antenna. The transmitter (Tx) antenna height was reduced while keeping the antenna gain high and the antenna substrate small by developing an antenna structure composed of two differential horn and lens antennas in which the diameter and focus distance of the lenses were half those in the previous design. The microstrip antennas are directly connected to the differential outputs of a monolithic microwave integrated circuit. A Tx antenna fabricated using commercially available materials was 14mm high and had an output-aperture of 18×44mm. It achieved an antenna gain of 23.5dBi. The antenna substrate must be at least 96mm2. The antenna had a flat beam with half-power elevation and azimuth beamwidths of 4.5° and 21°, respectively. A receiver (Rx) antenna array composed of four sets of horn and lens antennas with an output-aperture of 9×22mm and a two-by-two array configuration was fabricated for application in a newly proposed small front-end module with azimuth direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The Rx antenna array had an antenna coupling of less than -31dB in the 77-GHz band, which is small enough for DOA estimation by frequency-modulated continuous wave radar receivers even though the four antennas are arranged without any separation between their output-apertures.

The sidelobe level at tilts around 30-40 degrees in both the E and H planes due to a tapered excitation of units of 2×2 radiation slots is suppressed by introducing slit layers over a corporate-feed waveguide slot array antenna. The slit layers act as averaging the excitation of the adjacent radiating slots for sidelobe suppression in both planes. A 16×16-element array in the 70GHz band is fabricated. At the design frequency, the sidelobe levels at tilts around 30-40 degrees are suppressed from -25.4dB to -31.3dB in the E-plane and from -27.1dB to -38.9dB in the H-plane simultaneously as confirmed by measurements. They are suppressed over the desired range of 71.0-76.0GHz frequencies, compared to the conventional antenna.

A low frequency electric field probe that integrates data acquisition and storage is developed in this paper. An electric small monopole antenna printed on the circuit board is used as the receiving antenna; the rear end of the monopole antenna is connected to the integral circuit to achieve the flat frequency response; the logarithmic detection method is applied to obtain a high measurement dynamic range. In addition, a Microprogrammed Control Unit is set inside to realize data acquisition and storage. The size of the probe developed is not exceeding 20 mm × 20 mm × 30 mm. The field strength 0.2 V/m ~ 261 V/m can be measured in the frequency range of 500 Hz ~ 10 MHz, achieving a dynamic range over 62 dB. It is suitable for low frequency electric field strength measurement and shielding effectiveness test of small shield.

This paper presents a novel statistic computation technique for energy detection-based spectrum sensing with multiple antennas. The presented technique computes the statistic for signal detection after combining all the signals. Because the computation of the statistic for all the received signals is not required, the presented technique reduces the computational complexity. Furthermore, the absolute value of all the received signals are combined to prevent the attenuation of the combined signals. Because the statistic computations are not required for all the received signals, the reduction of the computational complexity for signal detection can be expected. Furthermore, the presented technique does not need to choose anything, such as the binary phase rotator in the conventional technique, and therefore, the performance degradation due to wrong choices can be avoided. Numerical examples indicate that the spectrum sensing performances of the presented technique are almost the same as those of conventional techniques despite the complexity of the presented technique being less than that of the conventional techniques.