In this paper, we propose a novel pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) simulator using a programmable gate array (PGA) technique. The simulator is composed of modified phase-locked loops (PLLs) and a programmable gate array (PGA). The PLL, which is modified by the addition of multiple inputs and multiple feedbacks, works as a neuron. The PGA, which controls the network connection, works as nodes of dendritic trees. This simulator, which has 16 neurons and 32 32 network connections, is designed on a chip (4.73mm 4.73mm), and its basic operations such as synchronization, an oscillatory associative memory, and FM interactions are confirmed using circuit simulator SPICE.

Multi-channel arrayed waveguide devices are crucial for WDM optical communication systems. Multi-channel arrayed polymer-based waveguide devices have been important for reducing cost and size. This paper introduces two types of multi-channel arrayed polymer-based waveguide devices. We designed and fabricated a four-channel arrayed 22 thermo-optic switch using a low-loss polymer and a four-channel arrayed electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator using an electro-optic polymer. The four-channel arrayed 22 thermo-optic switch has very low power consumption and uniform performance. The switching time of the four-channel arrayed EO Mach-Zehnder modulator operating with just lumped electrodes is less than a few nanoseconds.

The authors proposed a switching beam slot array antenna with a 4-way Butler matrix. All are integrated in one substrate with post-wall waveguide techniques. The planar Butler matrix is realized by using short slot directional couplers (cross coupler). Experiments in 26GHz band confirmed the key operation of this antenna; almost identical four beams are switched to cover the total of horizontal 90-degree sector with equal angular spacing.

In this paper, we present a novel beam-former capable of tracking a rapidly moving speaker in a very noisy environment. The localization algorithm extracts a set of candidate direction-of-arrival (DOA) for the signal sources using array signal processing methods in the frequency domain. A minimum variance (MV) beam-former identifies the speech signal DOA in the direction where the signal's spectrum entropy is minimized. A fine tuning process detects the MV direction which is closest to the initial estimation using a smaller analysis window. Extended experiments, carried out in the range of 20-0 dB SNR, show significant improvement in the recognition rate of a moving speaker especially in very low SNRs (from 11.11% to 43.79% at 0 dB SNR in anechoic environment and from 9.9% to 30.51% in reverberant environment).

We propose a new algorithm for blind source separation (BSS), in which frequency-domain independent component analysis (FDICA) and time-domain ICA (TDICA) are combined to achieve a superior source-separation performance under reverberant conditions. Generally speaking, conventional TDICA fails to separate source signals under heavily reverberant conditions because of the low convergence in the iterative learning of the inverse of the mixing system. On the other hand, the separation performance of conventional FDICA also degrades significantly because the independence assumption of narrow-band signals collapses when the number of subbands increases. In the proposed method, the separated signals of FDICA are regarded as the input signals for TDICA, and we can remove the residual crosstalk components of FDICA by using TDICA. The experimental results obtained under the reverberant condition reveal that the separation performance of the proposed method is superior to those of TDICA- and FDICA-based BSS methods.

We propose a new algorithm for blind source separation (BSS), in which independent component analysis (ICA) and beamforming are combined to resolve the low-convergence problem through optimization in ICA. The proposed method consists of the following two parts: frequency-domain ICA with direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, and null beamforming based on the estimated DOA. The alternation of learning between ICA and beamforming can realize fast- and high-convergence optimization. The results of the signal separation experiments reveal that the signal separation performance of the proposed algorithm is superior to that of the conventional ICA-based BSS method.

The objective is to generate a suboptimal weight vector for an adaptive array system operating in a multipath fading CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) channel. The total computational load of the proposed procedure is about including the update of autocovariance matrix as well as the weight update itself, where N is the number of antenna elements. The performance of the proposed array system is shown in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), allowable capacity, and convergence rate in practical CDMA signal environments such as IS95 and IS2000 1X.

This paper reviews research and development on the phased array antennas (PAAs) for several applications in Japan in over past two decades. First, the author shows the historical overview of the PAA for radar, satellite and mobile communication uses. Next, this paper introduces analysis methods for the PAA. It shows mutual coupling analysis methods and pattern synthesis methods for the PAA. Furthermore, the author discusses measurement methods for the PAA. Especially, he explains the rotating-element electric-field vector (REV) method for the Japanese original PAA calibration method. Finally, the author concludes and shows future PAA technologies.

An adaptive array antenna for the suppression of high-power interference in direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems is presented. Although DS-CDMA has sufficient flexibility to support a variety of services, from voice to moving-pictures, with high levels of quality, multiple access interference (MAI) is a problem. This is particularly so of the high-power interference which accompanies high-speed transmission in DS-CDMA. While the application of adaptive array antennas is an effective way of improving signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), problems with this approach include large levels of power consumption and the high costs of hardware and of implementing the antennas. Therefore, our main purpose is to realize a simple configuration for an adaptive array system. In order to reduce the required amounts of processing, a common beam provides suppression of high-power interference for the low-bit-rate users; this makes per-user preparation of weights unnecessary. This approach also reduces the consumption of power by the system. Interference is cancelled by minimization of the array output power (i.e., the application of a power inversion algorithm) before despreading. The approach also allows us to improve the implementation of the antenna elements by using small auxiliary antennas. The basic performance of the system is confirmed through numerical calculation and computer simulation. Furthermore, a real-time processing unit has been developed and the effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by an experiment in a radio-anechoic chamber.

Transmit adaptive array requires the forward link channel state for evaluating the optimum transmit weight in which a feedback channel transports the forward link channel state to the base station. Since the feedback information limits the transmission rate of the reverse link traffic, it is necessary to keep the number of feedback bits to a minimum. This paper presents a system in which the N transmit antennas are extended to the 2N transmit antennas while the feedback channel is limited as that of N-transmit antenna system. The increased antennas can give additional diversity gain but requires higher rate of feedback bits. The limited feedback channel increases the quantization error of feedback information since the number of feedback bits assigned to each antenna is reduced. In order to overcome the limited rate of feedback channel problem, this paper proposes the transmit antenna selection schemes which can effectively use the limited feedback bits, reduce the computational complexity at the mobile station, and eventually achieve diversity gain. System performances are investigated for the case of N=4 for the various antenna selection schemes on both flat fading and multi-path fading channels.

It is believed that distant-talking speech recognition in a noisy environment requires a large-scale microphone array. However, this cannot fit into small consumer devices. Our objective is to improve the performance with a limited number of microphones (preferably only left and right). In this paper, we focused on a profile that is the shape of the power distribution according to the beamforming direction. An observed profile can be decomposed into known profiles for directional sound sources and a non-directional background sound source. Evaluations confirmed this method reduced the CER (Character Error Ratio) for the dictation task by more than 20% compared to a conventional 2-channel Adaptive Spectral Subtraction beamformer in a non-reverberant environment.

Adaptive antenna is a promising to increase the spectral efficiency of mobile radio systems. We developed a compact, cost effective planar Butler Matrix as a beam forming network of a multi beam antenna. This circuit consists of a thin substrate that the conductor attaches to both sides, and two thick substrates that the ground conductor attaches to one side. In this circuit, coupling by crossover causes amplitude and phase error of the Butler Matrix. By narrowing the strip width of the crossover, crossover coupling can be suppressed 10 dB. The measurement results of the experimental 88 Butler Matrix were 0.75 dB amplitude deviation, 9.5 degree phase deviation and VSWR of less than 1.15 within the relative bandwidth of 10% at 900 MHz band.

This paper studies on a fast approach for the eigenproblems of correlation matrices used in direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms, especially for the case that the number of arriving waves is a few. The eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors can be obtained in a very short time by the algebraic solvent of up to quartic polynomials. We also confirm that the present approach does not make the accuracy worse when it is implemented by finite word-length processors like digital signal processor (DSP) or field programmable gate array (FPGA).

A phased array behavior of a unilaterally coupled active antennas has been investigated. The active antenna is composed of a patch antenna and a parallel feedback type oscillator which can be coupled unilaterally to other oscillators without other nonreciprocal components. Numerical calculations of the reduced equations describing the behavior of the coupled oscillators array demonstrated that the phase differences between the oscillators can be varied up to about π/2 by giving the frequency changes from the injection locking frequency to the oscillators except of the first one. The oscillator mounted with the varactor diode for wide tuning range exhibited the property suitable for constructing the unilaterally coupled array. In the experiments at X-band, the electromagnetic wave radiated from the five element array was successfully scanned.

This paper proposes a new blind algorithm effective for multiuser detection with an adaptive array antenna. The conventional blind algorithm, known as the Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA), has two major drawbacks: (i) the convergence speed is not sufficiently fast for usual applications in mobile communications, and (ii) the algorithm is very likely to lock on the path with the largest received power, which means the signal with the second largest power can hardly be extracted. This paper introduces the Recursive Least Squares algorithm for CMA (RLS-CMA) in order to speed the convergence up, and additionally introduces the concept of the orthogonal projection into CMA so as to extract signals with weak power. The proposed CMA with Orthogonal Projection (CMA-OP) sequentially calculates the weight vector of each user under a constraint that the weight vector should be orthogonal to the estimated array response vectors of previously extracted users. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme can operate properly in the Rayleigh fading channels under the two-user condition.

This paper presents a beamspace-time transmit diversity scheme that uses a space-time block code (STBC) and a fixed multi-beam transmit array with low sidelobes for time-domain spreading orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing code-division multiplexing (OFDM-CDM) downlink transmission. The scheme assigns space-time-coded signals to a pair of neighboring beams via closed-loop beam selection. Time-domain spreading provides non-frequency selectivity in each spreading region, which makes it possible for multiple STBCs to share any beam and to be decoded after despreading. Simulation results demonstrated that multiple transmit beams and multiple receive antennas provide large beam gains and/or a high order of diversity gains. In addition, the proposed scheme spatially separates users by beam and thus alleviates multi-user interference.

This letter presents parallel algorithms for matrix multiplication and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) that are significant problems arising in engineering and scientific applications. The proposed algorithms are designed on a 3-dimensional processor array with separable buses (PASb). We show that a PASb consisting of N N h processors can compute matrix multiplication of size N N and the FFT of size N in O(N/h+log N) time, respectively. In order to examine ease of hardware implementation, we also evaluate the VLSI complexity of the algorithms. A result obtained achieves an optimal bound on area-time complexity when h=O(N/log N).

This paper presents laboratory and field experimental results of the coherent adaptive antenna array diversity (CAAAD) receiver employing receiver antenna-weight generation common to all Rake-combined paths (hereafter path-common weight generation method) in the W-CDMA reverse link, in order to elucidate the suitability of the path-common weight generation method in high-elevation antenna environments such as cellular systems with a macrocell configuration. Laboratory experiments using multipath fading simulators and RF phase shifters elucidate that even when the ratio of the target Eb/I0 of the desired to interfering users is Δ Eb/I0=-12 dB, the increase in the average transmit Eb/N0 employing the CAAAD receiver coupled with fast transmission power control (TPC) using outer-loop control from that for Δ Eb/I0=0 dB is within only 1.0 dB owing to the accurate beam and null steering associated with fast TPC. Furthermore, field experiments demonstrate that the required transmission power at the average block error rate (BLER) of 10-2 employing the CAAAD receiver with four antennas is reduced by more than 2 dB compared to that using a four-branch space diversity receiver using maximum ratio combining (MRC) with the fading correlation between antennas of 0 when Δ Eb/I0=-15 dB and that the loss in the required transmission power of the CAAAD receiver in the same situation as that in a single-user environment is approximately 1 dB. The field experimental results in an actual propagation environment suggest that the CAAAD receiver is effective in suppressing multiple access interference, thus decreasing the required transmission power when the gap in the direction of arrival between the desired user and interfering users is greater than approximately 20 degrees.

In this paper, we describe two approaches to optimize the Phase-Mode pipelined parallel multiplier. One of the approaches is reforming a data distribution for an AND array, which is named the hybrid structure. Another method is applying a Booth encoder as a substitute of the AND array in order to generate partial products. We design a 2-bit 2-bit Phase-Mode Booth encoder and test the circuit by the numerical simulations. The circuit consists of 21 ICF gates and operates correctly at a throughput of 37.0 GHz. The numbers of Josephson junctions and the pipelined stages in each scale of multipliers are reduced remarkably by using the encoder. According to our estimations, the Phase-Mode Booth encoder is the effective component to improve the performance of large-scale parallel multipliers.

This paper presents the theoretical analysis of subband adaptive array combining cyclic prefix transmission scheme (SBAA-CP) in multipath fading environment. The exact expressions for optimal weights, array outputs and the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) are derived. The analysis shows that use of the cyclic prefix data transmission scheme can significantly improve the performance of subband adaptive array (SBAA). An example of implementing SBAA-CP as a software antenna is also presented.