This paper proposes a fast synchronization scheme with a short preamble signal for high data rate wireless LAN systems using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The proposed OFDM burst format for fast synchronization and the demodulator for the proposed OFDM burst format are described. The demodulator, which offers automatic frequency control and symbol timing detection, enables us to shorten the preamble length to one quarter that of a conventional one. Computer simulation results show that the degradation in required Eb/N0 due to the synchronization scheme is less than 1 dB in a selective Rayleigh fading channel.

Digital logic frequency detector whose operation is based on the analog quadricorrelator is presented. Proposed circuit consists of conventional digital logic devices without an alog elements. Therefore, it has superior reliabilities over component drifts or aging effects. Frequency linear discrimination range is 100% of the reference clock rate.

In order to exploit fully the frequency diversity benefits of multicarrier modulation (MCM), and the very nature of the frequency selective radio channel, we investigate an erasure decoded π/4 QDPSK MCM (ED-MCM) by employing simple Hamming (block) code. We propose the threshold-free criteria, i. e. relative minimum receive power test (RMRPT) and relative maximum decision error test (RMDET) for erasure generation and evaluate ED-MCM's performance by applying these tests to average received power, average decision error, instantaneous symbol/bit decision errors. At a normalized delay spread of 1/64, computer simulation results indicate a coding gains of 6.0 - 7.0 dB with ED-MCM at a BER of 10-3. RMDET/RMRPT based erasure decoding yields a 1.5 - 2.5 dB improvement over the conventional forward error correction (FEC) decoding at a BER of 10-5. The simulation results at other normalized delay spreads, i. e. , 1/32, 1/16 are also obtained. The erasure criteria (RMRPT and RMDET) applied to average values of received power/decision error yield consistently better performance over error only decoding. The results indicate that the erasure decoding based on relative (threshold-free) measures clearly promises an improved performance of the MCM system.

This paper proposes a multiple open-loop frequency estimation scheme based on differential detection for M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK), which accomplishes fast initial acquisition, precise frequency estimation and wide frequency coverage at the same time. The proposed scheme, which has a good trade-off between complexity and performance, operates as follows: 1) it consists of several frequency error detectors (FEDs) based on differential detection with different delays; 2) it precisely estimates frequency in a wide range (the same range of one symbol differential detection) by open-loop according to frequency errors detected by the FEDs. For real-time symbol-by-symbol operation in order to track fast time-varying frequency, it has a smaller complexity than the other frequency estimation schemes. It is confirmed by analysis, numerical calculation and computer simulation that the frequency estimation error of the proposed scheme is close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) (asymptotic degradation of the proposed scheme from the CRLB is about 0. 5 dB) while keeping a wide frequency coverage and this scheme can track fast time-varying frequency.

A decision-directed carrier phase recovery scheme for high-speed satellite communications is proposed. Since the estimation is performed in complex domain from the baseband signal, the scheme has fast acquisition performance, unlike the conventional PLL. This merit makes it applicable for various wireless systems such as wireless local area networks (LANs), wireless asynchronous transfer modes (ATMs) and local multipoint distribution systems (LMDSs) that need high-speed burst signal communications. Also, this scheme can be implemented easily because low pass filters (LPFs) are utilized in filtering the estimates in order to suppress the noise within the carrier recovery loop. Moreover it does not require any divider or voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The performance is analyzed through analytical methods and simulation.

Analysis of frequency-dependent lossy transmission lines is very important for designing the high-speed VLSI, MCM and PCB. The frequency-dependent parameters are always obtained as tabulated data. In this paper, a new curve fitting technique of the tabulated data for the moment matching technique in the interconnect analysis is presented. This method based on Chebyshev interpolation enhances the efficiency of the moment matching technique.

Conventional approach for frequency estimation usually assume a single tone without data modulation. In many applications such an assumption, realized by using either a separate pilot beacon or synchronization preamble is not feasible. This paper deals with frequency estimation of phase-modulated carriers in the absence of timing information and known data pattern. We introduce new frequency estimators that are based on the generalized maximum likelihood principle. The communication channels under consideration include both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and correlated Rician fading channels. For the latter class, we distinguish between the case when the fading (amplitude) process is tracked and that when it is not tracked.

In this paper, Orthogonal Multicode OFDM-DS/CDMA system using Partial Bandwidth Transmission is proposed. By using the flexible carrier allocation of OFDM, Partial Bandwidth Transmission is considered for high quality communication. Furthermore, multicode packet data transmission is presented. Multicode packet data transmission is very effective to handle variable data. Since the proposed system can detect the header information without complex control, it is also suitable for packet data transmission. The computer simulation results show that the BER performance of the proposed system with the ideal channel estimation is improved compared with the case of the conventional Orthogonal Multicode DS/CDMA system with ideal RAKE receivers. Moreover the proposed system with the channel estimation by MLS algorithm also shows the good BER performance. In packet data transmission, the delay and throughput performances are also improved in the proposed system.

M-ary/SS systems are compared with DS/SS systems applied the multicarrier systems and the RAKE receiver in the presence of AWGN, frequency selective Rayleigh fading and partial-band interference. In particular, the BER performance and SSMA capability are evaluated. Consequently, the M-ary/SSMA system using the multicarrier techniques is subject to the M-ary/SSMA system with the RAKE receiver in the presence of partial-band interference. The BER performance of the M-ary/SSMA system is better than that of the DS/SSMA system when the number of users is smaller than 20. And the spectral efficiency of the multicarrier M-ary/SSMA system is best in the four systems when JSR=20 [dB] and BER=10-3.

A simple near-orthogonal code is used as frequency-hopping patterns for the frequency-hopped multiple access systems. Extended RS code is used as channel coding to deplete the effects of hits from simultaneous users. Packet error probability and channel throughput for the system utilizing the near-orthogonal code are evaluated and compared to the corresponding values obtained from the system utilizing random patterns. Results show that the former can provide substantial improvement over the latter. In our illustrated examples, we also show that under the constraint of packet error probability PE 10-2, the maximum achievable number of users with most (n,k) RS codes of interest is less than the number of distinct codewords in the near-orthogonal code. Thus, the number of codewords of the near-orthogonal code is large enough to support the practical application.

This letter proposes a new retransmission control scheme for slow-frequency-hopped communication systems, in which the number of (re)transmitted packets is adaptively decreased in a certain period. Performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and compared with that of the conventional scheme in terms of the normalized throughput and the 98% packet transmission delay. The numerical results show the superiority of the proposed scheme.

We investigate the basic properties of focused electron beam (FEB)-damaged Josephson junctions on silicon (Si) substrates for high-frequency device applications. YBa2Cu3O7-y (YBCO) Josephson junction arrays were also fabricated by FEB irradiation to confirm the junction uniformity and to investigate their applicability. The junctions exhibit resistively shunted junction (RSJ)-like current-voltage (I-V) curves and the microwave-induced Shapiro steps for all operation temperatures. Two-junction arrays show single-junction-like behavior with the Shapiro steps in an array up to 2 mV. Microwave-induced Shapiro steps correspond to the double voltages Vn=2nVJ, where VJ=f0h/2e in two-junction arrays. The microwave power dependence of I-V curves shows the steps corresponding to the RSJ model.

A correction of the physical optics approximation by accounting for the presence of specific currents concentrated near shadow boundaries on the surface of a convex non-metallic scatterer is analysed by considering a canonical problem of diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave incident normally to the axis of an infinite circular cylinder with impedance boundary conditions. The analysis focuses on the development of Fock-type asymptotic representations for magnetic field tangent components on the surface of the scatterer. The Fock-type representation of the surface field is uniformly valid within the penumbra region, providing a continuous transition from the geometrical optics formulas on the lit portion of the surface to the creeping waves approximation in the deep shadow region. A new numerical procedure for evaluating Fock-type integrals is proposed that extracts rapidly varying factors and approximates the rest, slowly varying coefficients via interpolation. This allows us to obtain accurate and simple representations for the shadow boundary currents that can be directly inserted into the radiation integral and effectively integrated. We show that accounting for the shadow boundary currents considerably improves the traditional PO analysis of the high-frequency electromagnetic fields scattered from smooth and convex non-metallic obstacles, particularly near the forward scattering direction.

This paper presents a new approach to computing symbol error probability of fast frequency-hopped M-ary frequency shift keying (FFH/MFSK) systems with majority vote under multitone jamming. For illustrating the applications, we first consider the case in which the source data rate is fixed and the hopping rate is allowed to vary. In this case, the optimum orders of diversity for several values of M are examined. Results show that M=4 outperforms other values. Then, we treat another case in which the hopping rate is fixed and the data rate is adjusted so as to obtain maximum throughput under a given constraint of error probability. In addition to the case of diversity alone, we also evaluate the performances of the fixed hopping rate case with channel coding using convolutional code and BCH code.

This paper presents the performance of FH/MFSK systems, which exploit silent gaps in speech to accommodate more users, over Rayleigh fading channels. Two kinds of receivers are considered: one uses a threshold on the received signal strength to declare whether the signals were present or not, and the other is assumed to have perfect transmitter-state information obtained from using additional bandwidth. Results show that, if the codeword dropping and codeword error are assumed to be equally costly, the former can achieve slightly better performance than the latter in the decoding error probability. This finding suggests that, for the system to exploit silent gaps in speech, it is advantageous for the receiver to use a threshold to declare whether signals were present or not instead of relying on the transmitter-state information.

This paper presents both new analytical and new numerical solutions to the problem of generating waveforms exhibiting a low peak-to-peak factor. One important application of these results is in the generation of pseudo-white noise signals that are commonly uses in multi-frequency measurements. These measurements often require maximum signal-to-noise ratio while maintaining the lowest peak-to-peak excursion. The new synthesis scheme introduced in this paper uses the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to generate pseudo-white noise sequence that theoretically has a minimized peak-to-peak factor, Fp-p. Unlike theoretical works in the literature, the method presented here is based in purely discrete mathematics, and hence is directly applicable to the digital synthesis of signals. With this method the shape of the signal can be controlled with about N parameters given N harmonic components. A different permutation of the same set of offset phases of the "source harmonics" creates an entirely different sequence.

The phase and frequency commands of a rotating radar system, that utilizes the frequency scanning and phase shifters to steer the beam in the azimuth and elevation directions, respectively, are derived in terms of the angles of the ground based coordinate system. The frequency equation derived is approximated to a simple form to reduce the calculation time for real time multi-function radar systems. It is shown that the approximate frequency commands are in good agreement with the exact ones if the range of the azimuth scanning is not too wide.

A slow frequency-hopping/16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (slow-FH/16QAM) system based on time-division-multiple-access (TDMA) is appropriate for third-generation land mobile cellular communications because of its high immunity to interference. The system uses 16QAM for high spectral efficiency and slow-FH and forward-error-correction (FEC) for high-quality transmission. To reduce sensitivity to interference, the system uses an improved decoding scheme based on a minimum Euclidean-distance which is effective when the interference level is dispersed by FH. The bit error rate (BER) of the system due to interference has been evaluated in a previous study, both theoretically and by computer simulation. Although computer-simulated results showed that the system improved the BER, the hardware feasibility was not considered. This paper presents a hardware implementation of the system and the results of experimental transmission using equipment we developed to verify the system and to confirm the BER performance. The laboratory experimental results indicated that the system could provide high-quality transmission over a channel that has frequency-selective fading and co-channel interference. This system provided an Eb/N0 of 9 dB with space diversity and one of 15 dB without it, when BER=10-3 and fd=120 Hz. Field experiments were also conducted in a suburban area of Tokyo to demonstrate the BER performance. The results meant that the system could lower sensitivity to vehicle velocity more than a system without FH and that the BER performance of the system was improved notably against that of a system without FH, especially at low vehicle velocity.

This paper proposes a bit-stream-arranged weighted modulation scheme to improve voice quality in low delay spread frequency selective fading channels. The proposed modulation scheme employs an input bit stream arrangement method that changes the bit stream order for significant bits so that they are not adjacent to each other over time; a mapping method that controls the amplitude of the modulation signals according to the importance of the bits; and modified differential encoding to prevent the error propagation from insignificant to significant bits. Computer simulations clarify that the proposed bit-stream-arranged weighted modulation scheme shows a S/N improvement of 8 dB in an 8-bit linear pulse code modulation (PCM) voice signal compared with the conventional non-weighted π/4-shift quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme. The proposed scheme also shows 3. 5 dB improvement in a 4-bit adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) voice signal. In this case, occurence of 'click noise' in recovered voice signal is halved. Although the proposed scheme increases the peak power of the modulated signals, the non-linearity of the power amplifier is not fatal.

We have developed a new type of phase interpolation DDS with a digitally controlled delay generator. The new DDS is similar to a sine output DDS in that it produces low spurious signals, but it does not require a sine look-up table. Periodic jitter in the MSB of the DDS accumulator is reduced with the digitally controlled delay generator. Experimental results confirm successful frequency synthesizer operation in which the spurious signal level is successfully reduced to less than that the MSB of the accumulator.