In this paper, the performance of narrow band interference (NBI) rejection scheme for direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) is analyzed. A 2-tapped complex FIR filter is used for filtering a chip code to suppress NBI. In this system, the spectrum of transmitted signal has a null at an arbitrary frequency. By choosing filter coefficients, the authors place this null at NBI center frequency to mitigate the effect of NBI. In this paper, an OFDM signal is considered as NBI. The performance of this scheme is theoretically analyzed by introducing Queueing model, and validated via simulation.

Peer assessment in education has pedagogical benefits and is a promising method for grading a large number of submissions. At the same time, student reliability has been regarded as a problem; consequently, various methods of estimating highly reliable grades from scores given by multiple students have been proposed. Under most of the existing methods, a nonadaptive allocation pattern, which performs allocation in advance, is assumed. In this study, we analyze the effect of student-submission allocation on score estimation in peer assessment under a nonadaptive allocation setting. We examine three types of nonadaptive allocation methods, random allocation, circular allocation and group allocation, which are considered the commonly used approaches among the existing nonadaptive peer assessment methods. Through simulation experiments, we show that circular allocation and group allocation tend to yield lower accuracy than random allocation. Then, we utilize this result to improve the existing adaptive allocation method, which performs allocation and assessment in parallel and tends to make similar allocation result to circular allocation. We propose the method to replace part of the allocation with random allocation, and show that the method is effective through experiments.

Traditionally, popular synonym acquisition methods are based on the distributional hypothesis, and a metric such as Jaccard coefficients is used to evaluate the similarity between the contexts of words to obtain synonyms for a query. On the other hand, when one tries to compile and clean a thesaurus, one often already has a modest number of synonym relations at hand. Could something be done with a half-built thesaurus alone? We propose the use of spectral methods and discuss their relation to other network-based algorithms in natural language processing (NLP), such as PageRank and Bootstrapping. Since compiling a thesaurus is very laborious, we believe that adding the proposed method to the toolkit of thesaurus constructors would significantly ease the pain in accomplishing this task.

We have measured the non line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation characteristics of microwave frequencies in an urban environment with a base station antenna situated well above the surrounding buildings. When these characteristics are compared with the results of measurements made in the same environment with a low base station antenna height, it can be seen that with a low base station antenna height the attenuation coefficient varies greatly between line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS environments, whereas with a high base station antenna height there is no variation of this sort. This is because the waves arriving NLOS environments from a high base station antenna do so primarily as a result of rooftop diffraction, and the path loss does not vary much over regions of equal distance between the base station and mobile station. We have confirmed that the frequency characteristics of relative loss in NLOS environments with a high antenna height follow a relationship of 22.8 log f, which is more or less the same as the characteristic for the UHF band. By modifying the frequency terms of the Sakagami model (used for UHF band) based on this trend to allow it to handle microwave frequencies, a close correspondence is seen between the results of actual measurements and the values predicted by the extended model.

A demodulator for short-range wireless interconnect using ASK/CDMA technique has been developed with 0.25 µm CMOS technology. The fabricated demodulator demonstrates the demodulation of 7.35 Mbps bit rate with 31 spread spectrum code length at 10 GHz carrier frequency.

In the near future, interconnection networks of massively parallel computer systems will connect more than a hundred thousands of computing nodes. The performance evaluation of the interconnection networks can provide real insights to help the development of efficient communication library. Hence, to evaluate the performance of such interconnection networks, simulation tools capable of modeling the networks with sufficient details, supporting a user-friendly interface to describe communication patterns, providing the users with enough performance information, completing simulations within a reasonable time, are a real necessity. This paper introduces a novel interconnection network simulator NSIM, for the evaluation of the performance of extreme-scale interconnection networks. The simulator implements a simplified simulation model so as to run faster without any loss of accuracy. Unlike the existing simulators, NSIM is built on the execution-driven simulation approach. The simulator also provides a MPI-compatible programming interface. Thus, the simulator can emulate parallel program execution and correctly simulate point-to-point and collective communications that are dynamically changed by network congestion. The experimental results in this paper showed sufficient accuracy of this simulator by comparing the simulator and the real machine. We also confirmed that the simulator is capable of evaluating ultra large-scale interconnection networks, consumes smaller memory area, and runs faster than the existing simulator. This paper also introduces a simulation service built on a cloud environment. Without installing NSIM, users can simulate interconnection networks with various configurations by using a web browser.

Millimeter wave provides high data rates for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. This paper motivates millimeter wave to support automated driving and begins by explaining V2X use cases that support automated driving with references to several standardization bodies. The paper gives a classification of existing V2X standards: IEEE802.11p and LTE V2X, along with the status of their commercial deployment. Then, the paper provides a detailed assessment on how millimeter wave V2X enables the use case of cooperative perception. The explanations provide detailed rate calculations for this use case and show that millimeter wave is the only technology able to achieve the requirements. Furthermore, specific challenges related to millimeter wave for V2X are described, including coverage enhancement and beam alignment. The paper concludes with some results from three studies, i.e. IEEE802.11ad (WiGig) based V2X, extension of 5G NR (New Radio) toward mmWave V2X, and prototypes of intelligent street with mmWave V2X.

In this study, we consider fake message attacks in sparse mobile ad hoc networks, in which nodes are chronically isolated. In these networks, messages are delivered to their destination nodes using store-carry-forward routing, where they are relayed by some nodes. Therefore, when a node has messages in its buffer, it can falsify the messages easily. When malicious nodes exist in the network, they alter messages to create fake messages, and then they launch fake message attacks, that is, the fake messages are spread over the network. To analyze the negative effects of a fake message attack, we model the system dynamics without attack countermeasures using a Markov chain, and then formalize some performance metrics (i.e., the delivery probability, mean delivery delay, and mean number of forwarded messages). This analysis is useful for designing countermeasures. Moreover, we consider a hash-based countermeasure against fake message attacks using a hash of the message. Whenever a node that has a message and its hash encounters another node, it probabilistically forwards only one of them to the encountered node. By doing this, the message and the hash value can be delivered to the destination node via different relay nodes. Therefore, even if the destination node receives a fake message, it can verify the legitimacy of the received message. Through simulation experiments, we evaluate the effectiveness of the hash-based countermeasure.

We investigate the relationship between microwave path-loss characteristics and line-of-sight (LOS) blocking in an urban environment with a low base-station antenna using LOS-blocking measurement equipment that we have developed. Changes in path loss, traffic conditions, and LOS-blocking caused by vehicles were measured simultaneously. It was found that path loss exhibits a Rayleigh distribution even in a LOS environment if the amount of traffic is such that LOS- blocking occurs for 80% of the time or more, but the other case path loss exhibits a Nakagami-Rice distribution. It was also found that ratio of coherent wave level to envelope level (c/r) depends heavily on rate of road traffic flow.

Peer assessments, in which people review the works of peers and have their own works reviewed by peers, are useful for assessing homework. In conventional peer assessment systems, works are usually allocated to people before the assessment begins; therefore, if people drop out (abandoning reviews) during an assessment period, an imbalance occurs between the number of works a person reviews and that of peers who have reviewed the work. When the total imbalance increases, some people who diligently complete reviews may suffer from a lack of reviews and be discouraged to participate in future peer assessments. Therefore, in this study, we adopt a new adaptive allocation approach in which people are allocated review works only when requested and propose an algorithm for allocating works to people, which reduces the total imbalance. To show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we provide an upper bound of the total imbalance that the proposed algorithm yields. In addition, we extend the above algorithm to consider reviewing ability. The extended algorithm avoids the problem that only unskilled (or skilled) reviewers are allocated to a given work. We show the effectiveness of the proposed two algorithms compared to the existing algorithms through experiments using simulation data.

This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of 60GHz small cell radio access based on IEEE 802.11ad/WiGig. The access point (AP) prototype used combines three RF modules with beamforming technology to provide 360° area coverage. In order to compensate for limited communication distance, multiple APs are employed to achieve wide area coverage. A handover algorithm suitable for IEEE 802.11ad/WiGig is employed to achieve flexible control of the cell coverage of each AP. As a proof of concept, a prototype system is set up at Narita International Airport and the capability of multiuser Gb/s wireless access is successfully demonstrated. In addition, the system behavior under stringent conditions is evaluated by load testing and throughput degradation due to co-channel and inter-channel interference is investigated.

In this study, we focus on a method to search for similar trajectories. In the majority of previous works on searching for similar trajectories, only raw trajectory data were used. However, to obtain deeper insights, additional time-dependent trajectory features should be utilized depending on the search intent. For instance, to identify similar combination plays in soccer games, such additional features include the movements of the team players. In this paper, we develop a framework to flexibly search for similar trajectories associated with time-dependent features, which we call enriched trajectories. In this framework, weights, which represent the relative importance of each feature, can be flexibly given by users. Moreover, to facilitate fast searching, we first propose a lower bounding measure of the DTW distance between enriched trajectories, and then we propose algorithms based on this lower bounding measure. We evaluate the effectiveness of the lower bounding measure and compare the performances of the algorithms under various conditions using soccer data and synthetic data. Our experimental results suggest that the proposed lower bounding measure is superior to the existing measure, and one of the proposed algorithms, which is based on the threshold algorithm, is suitable for practical use.

In this paper, radio propagation in the medium-scale building is investigated at 2.5GHz band. In order to predict the propagation loss in any place, four major modes of propagation are considered: low-loss in line-of-sight (LOS) wave, corridor guided wave, direct transmission wave through obstructions, and the reentered wave. Based on the measured results of attenuation characteristics, the macroscopic parameters for the above mentioned modes of wave propagation are determined. Using these parameters, signal strengths are predicted with average standard deviation of 4.5dB. The fading characteristics are studied by measuring the Rician parameter and the correlation coefficient for 2-branch diversity antennas separated by 50cm. The Rician parameters are 2 in case of the LOS propagation, and 1 in case of the no LOS propagation. The two branch correlation coefficients are less than 0.5 within coverage of 80-95% in almost all the locations.

One of the most convenient ways to query XML data is a keyword search because it does not require any knowledge of XML structure or learning a new user interface. However, the keyword search is ambiguous. The users may use different terms to search for the same information. Furthermore, it is difficult for a system to decide which node is likely to be chosen as a return node and how much information should be included in the result. To address these challenges, we propose an XML semantic search based on keywords called XSemantic. On the one hand, we give three definitions to complete in terms of semantics. Firstly, the semantic term expansion, our system is robust from the ambiguous keywords by using the domain ontology. Secondly, to return semantic meaningful answers, we automatically infer the return information from the user queries and take advantage of the shortest path to return meaningful connections between keywords. Thirdly, we present the semantic ranking that reflects the degree of similarity as well as the semantic relationship so that the search results with the higher relevance are presented to the users first. On the other hand, in the LCA and the proximity search approaches, we investigated the problem of information included in the search results. Therefore, we introduce the notion of the Lowest Common Element Ancestor (LCEA) and define our simple rule without any requirement on the schema information such as the DTD or XML Schema. The first experiment indicated that XSemantic not only properly infers the return information but also generates compact meaningful results. Additionally, the benefits of our proposed semantics are demonstrated by the second experiment.

We consider secret key agreement for multiple terminals based on radio propagation characteristics in a wireless relaying system where more than two terminals communicate with each other via a relay. In this system, the multiple terminals share a common secret key generated from their radio propagation characteristics with the help of the relay in the presence of an eavesdropper. In this paper, we present three secret key agreement schemes: an amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme, a signal-combining amplify-and-forward (SC-AF) scheme, and a multiple-access amplify-and-forward (MA-AF) scheme. The key idea of these schemes is that each terminal shares the fading coefficients between all terminals and the relay, and use them as the source of a secret key. The AF scheme is based on a conventional amplify-and-forward two-way relaying method, whereas in the SC-AF scheme and the MA-AF scheme, we apply the idea of analog network coding to secret key agreement. We analyze eavesdropping strategies and show that the AF scheme is not secure if the eavesdropper is located near the relay and can receive signals from the relay without multipath fading and noise. Simulation results show that the SC-AF and MA-AF schemes are effective.

Construction of large-scale virtual environment is gaining more attentions for its applications in virtual mall, virtual sightseeing, tele-presence, etc. This paper presents a framework for building a realistic virtual environment from geometry-based approach. We propose an algorithm to construct a realistic 3-D model from multi-view range data and multi-view texture images. The proposed method tries to adopt the result of region segmentation of range images in some phases of the modeling process. It is shown that the relations obtained from region segmentation are quite effective in improving the result of registration as well as mesh merging.

The threshold voltage mismatch of FD (Fully depleted) SOI (Silicon on insulator) devices have been studied. Floating body MOSFETs operating at high drain voltage show a large mismatch in the threshold voltage compared with body-tied MOSFETs. Those experimental data under different drain voltages indicate that both floating body effect and DIBL (Drain induced barrier lowering) are involved in the threshold voltage mismatch of floating body MOSFETs.

To generalize characteristics of a received signal level distribution from narrow- to wide-bands in a mobile radio channel, a new propagation parameter called equivalent received bandwidth (2ΔfΔLmax) has been proposed. The distributions are discussed mainly with computer simulation results. The simulation results shows the level distribution depends on 2ΔfΔLmax and power ratio a of direct to indirect waves, and the value of 2ΔfΔLmax classifies the radio channel as narrow- or wide-bands transmission. To confirm these simulated results, a field test was performed with a 3.35 GHz radio wave. This paper describes that the field test demonstrated the simulation results. It is concluded that the equation representing received signal level in the computer simulation is valid. And the fading depth depends directly on 2ΔfΔLmax, and the 2ΔfΔLmax is effective for generalizing the received signal level distribution. Furthermore, a method for calculating the power ratio was found to be better for a peak level model.

We propose a design methodology of a low-voltage CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) consisting of a common-source and a common-gate stages. We first derive equations of power gain, noise figure (NF) and input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of the two-stage LNA. A design methodology of the LNA is presented by using graphs based on analytical equations. A 1-V 5.4-GHz LNA was implemented in 0.15-µm fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) CMOS technology. Measurement results show a power gain of 23 dB, NF of 1.7 dB and IIP3 of -6.1 dBm with a power consumption of 8.3 mW. These measured results are consistent with calculated results, which ensures the validity of the derived equations and the proposed design methodology.

Signal path loss and propagation delay spread were measured at microwave frequencies of 3.35, 8.45, and 15.75 GHz along a straight quasi line-of-sight (LOS) street in an urban environment under different traffic conditions: daytime and nighttime. Comparison between daytime and nighttime measurements reveals that the break points shift toward the base station because of the increase in the effective heights of the road and sidewalk; break points were not seen during the daytime at a mobile antenna height (hm) of 1.6 m. According to the cumulative probabilities of the delay spreads during the nighttime, frequency dependence is not clearly observed and the delay spreads for hm = 1.6 m were clearly larger than those for hm = 2.7 m. This is because a lower hm results in stronger blocking of the LOS wave, as was also observed during the daytime. The plot of path losses versus delay spreads is confirmed to be represented by an exponential curve. The exponential coefficients during the daytime were observed to be greater than those during the nighttime. This indicates that a LOS wave is more likely to be blocked during the daytime.