Gaussian beams constitute a very powerful tool to analyze radiation and scattering problems in high frequency regimes. The analysis of this kind of beams may be done by performing an analytical continuation of the real sources into the complex space. This is also a very powerful technique that arise, not only to this kind of solutions, but also to other solutions that may be very useful even for low frequency regimes. A complete parametrization of real propagation space in terms of the different type of complex beams solutions is presented in this paper. The analysis in the complex domain arises to different regions in the real space which may be anticipated and described through analytical transition regions. Some important conclusions may be derived from the results obtained, in particular the results related to the complex far field condition.

Satellite beam-switching problems are studied where there are m up-link beams, n down-link beams and multiple carriers per beam. By augmenting a traffic matrix with an extra row and column, it is possible to find a sequence of switching modes ((0,1)-matrices with genrally multiple unit entries in each row and column) that realize optimal transmission time. Switching modes generated are shown to be linearly independent. The number of switching modes required for an mn matrix is bounded by (m1)(n1)1. For an augmented (m1)(n1) matrix, the bound is then mn1. The bounds on the number of switching modes and the computational complexity for a number of related satellite transmission scheduling problems are lowered. In simplified form, the results (particularly the linear independence of permutation matrices generated) apply to algorithmic decomposition of doubly stochastic matrices into convex combinations of permutation matrices.

Logic operations in principle have been demonstrated based on the planar high-Tc Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID). Two kinds of logic gates were produced by using the focused ion beam (FIB) superconducting weak links fabricated in NdBa2Cu3O7-δ (NBCO) thin films. Logic gates investigated in this paper are (1) an rf-SQUID based logic gate which utilizes threshold characteristics, and (2) a dc-SQUID based logic gate which is an elementary gate of RSFQ circuits. Elementary logic operation such as (1) AND/OR logic and (2) SET-RESET flip-flop operation were successfully obtained in the logic gates. In addition to the present experimental results, some problems and future prospects are also discussed.

The high resolution CRT displays used for computer monitor and high performance TV often produce a pattern of bright and dark stripes on the screen called a moire pattern. The elimination of the moire is an important consideration in the CRT design. In this paper, we propose a method for evaluating a moire pattern based on the measurement data of the electron beam distribution. (1) We describe a mathematical expression of the process whereby a moire pattern is produced. By applying the electron beam measurement data into the formulae, precise value of the period and the contrast of a moire are calculated from the actual data of the electron beam profile and the distribution of apertures of the shadow mask. (2) The visibility of the moire is evaluated by plotting the calculation results on the contrastperiod plane, which consists of visible and invisible moire pattern regions based on experimental results of the psychological tests. (3) In addition to the analysis by calculation, the visibility of moire patterns can be visually examined by simulating moire patterns using the same data as above calculation. Since not only fundamental design parameters such as a shadow mask pitch and a scanning line pitch but also details of an electron beam profile such as a distortion or an asymmetry can be examined, a newly developed method contributes the efficiency of the CRT design.

An algorithm for extracting fundamental frequencies from duet sounds is proposed. The algorithm is based on an acoustical feature that the temporal fluctuation patterns in frequency an power are similar for harmonic components composing a sound for a single musical note played on a single instrument with a single active vibrating source. The algorithm is applied to the sounds of 153 combinations of pair-notes played by a flute duet and a violin duet. Experimental results show that the zone-wize correct identification rate by pitch name are 98% for the flute duet and 95% for the violin duet in the best cases.

Thermally-diffused expanded core (TEC) techniques brought the fibers with the mode fields expanded by thermal diffusion of core dopants. The techniques are effective to the reduction of splice or connection losses between the different kind of fibers, and are applied to the integrations of thin film optical devices in fiber networks, the fabrications of chirped fiber gratings, and so on. In the practical use of TEC techniques, the fibers are heated high temperature of about 1650 because of a short peried of time in processing by microburners. The mode field diameter expansion (MFDE) ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the mode field diameter in the fiber section having the core expanded and that unexpanded, is desired to be more than 2.0 from the viewpoint of loss reduction in industrial uses of the TEC techniques. When the TEC techniques are applied to polarization-maintaining optical fibers (PM fibers), such as PANDA fibers, both core dopants and stress applying part (SAP) dopants diffuse simultaneously. So the MFDE ratio is less than two without mode field deformation in conventional PANDA fibers which are practically used as PM fibers. In this paper a PANDA fiber design suitable for the TEC techniques is newly proposed. The fiber has 1.28 µm cutoff wavelength and the mode field diameter is about 11 µm before core expansion at 1.3µm wavelength.

A 3-dimensional beam propagation method is described for the analysis of nonlinear optical fibers, where the finite element and finite difference methods are, respectively, utilized for discretizing the fiber cross section and the propagation direction. For efficient evaluation of wide-angle beam propagation, Pade approximation is applied to the differential operator along the propagation direction. In order to improve accuracy of solutions, isoparametric elements and numerical integration formulae derived by Hammer et al. are introduced. The propagation characteristics of nonlinear optical fibers with linear core and nonlinear cladding are analyzed, and unique features of nonlinear guided-wave propagation, such as spatial soliton emission, are investigated.

This paper presents the beam forming characteristics of an optical waveguide-type phased array antenna. Four linearly arranged array antenna was monolithically fabricated on one LiNbO3 substrate containing variable power dividers (VPDs) and optical phase shifters (OPSs). The amplitude and the phase of each antenna element was controlled by applying DC voltage on each VPD and OPS. Open ends of Ti-indiffused waveguides were used as antenna elements. This antenna was designed to operate at 1.3 µm wavelength band. Experimental results confirm the good beam forming capability of optical phased array antennas.

A hierarchical fault tracing method for VLSIs with bi-directional busses from CAD layout data in the CAD-linked electron beam test system is described. When fault tracing reaches at a cell connected to a bi-directional bus, our method is able to judge the direction of the signal flow, input or output, by using waveforms acquired by an EB tester, in a consistent manner independently of circuit functions as with a previously proposed tracing method for circuits without bi-directional busses.

A wireless tag system has been designed and developed for maintaining and managing outdoor communication facilities. This system employs an infrared (IR) beam and an electromagnetic wave with a radio frequency (RF), and is constructed using IR-RF tags, an IR commander, and an RF receiver. The IR command radiation with strong directivity enables a maintenance operator to recognize a target facility, and the RF response without directivity enables a management system to obtain data from within a large circular area. Solar and secondary batteries are also adopted as the power module in the tag to allow easy maintenance at long intervals. IR signal communication is possible up to a distance of 9 m, and RF signal communication is possible within a circle with a radius of 9 m.

We propose an InGaAlAs waveguide p-i-n photodiode (WG-PD) with a thick symmetric double-core for surface-hybrid integration onto optical platforms, which can be applied to low cost optical modules for access networks. The waveguide structure is designed to efficiently couple to flat-ended single mode fibers while maintaining low-voltage (less than 2 V) operation. Crystal growth conditions and a passivation technique are also investigated for obtaining high responsivity, low dark current and highly reliable operation. Fiber-coupled responsivity as high as 0.95 A/W, at a 1.3-µm wavelength, and vertical coupling tolerance as wide as 2.6 µm are demonstrated for a dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) coupling at an operating voltage of 2 V. Dark current is as low as 300 pA at 25 and 12 nA at 100. A temperature accelerated aging test is performed to show the feasibility of using the WG-PD in long-term practical applications.

The design, fabrication, and testing of a highly multimode polymeric 88 star coupler is described. The design process allowed a comparison to be made of ray tracing and beam propagation methods for the design of such highly multimode waveguide devices. The results obtained with either of these two different methods agree well with actual measurements on a fabricated 88 multimode-input star coupler with a refractive index difference of Δn=0.0274 and a device length of L=4.25 cm. The reduction in the rms power fluctuation in the output guides with the choice of a higher refractive index difference is demonstrated.

The convergence characteristics of the adaptive beamformer with the RLS algorithm are analyzed in this paper. In case of the RLS adaptive beamformer, the convergence characteristics are significantly affected by the spatial characteristics of the signals/noises in the environment. The purpose of this paper is to show how these physical parameters affect the convergence characteristics. In this paper, a typical environment where a few directional noises are accompanied by background noise is assumed, and the influence of each component of the environment is analyzed separately using rank analysis of the correlation matrix. For directional components, the convergence speed is faster for a smaller number of noise sources since the effective rank of the input correlation matrix is reduced. In the presence of background noise, the convergence speed is slowed down due to the increase of the effective rank. However, the convergence speed can be improved by controlling the initial matrix of the RLS algorithm. The latter section of this paper focuses on the physical interpretation of this initial matrix, in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the convergence characterisitics.

We have proposed a digital beamforming (DBF) self-beam-steering array antenna which features maximal ratio combining enabling it to efficiently use the received power or to rapidly track the desired signal. The DBF self-beam-steering array antenna utilizes digital signal processing with an active array antenna configuration. ASIC implementation of the digital signal processor is inevitable for DBF antenna application in practical mobile communications environments. In this paper, we present a scheme for implementing a digital signal processor in ASICs using ten FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) for the DBF self-beam-steering array antenna. Results of some experiments obtained in a large radio anechoic chamber are shown to confirm a basic function of the system.

In this paper, a new spectral subtraction technique with two microphone inputs is proposed. In conventional spectral subtraction using a single microphone, the averaged noise spectrum is subtracted from the observed short-time input spectrum. This results in reduction of mean value of noise spectrum only, the component varying around the mean value remaining intact. In the method proposed in this paper, the short-time noise spectrum excluding the speech component is estimated by introducing the blocking matrix used in the Griffiths-Jim-type adaptive beamformer with two microphone inputs, combined with the spectral compensation technique. By subtracting the estimated short-time noise spectrum from the input spectrum, not only the mean value of the noise spectrum but also the component varying around the mean value can be reduced. This method can be interpreted as a partial construction of the adaptive beamformer where only the amplitude of the short-time noise spectrum is estimated, while the adaptive beamformer is equivalent to the estimator of the complex short-time noise spectrum. By limiting the estimation to the amplitude spectrum, the proposed system achieves better performance than the adaptive beamformer in the case when the number of sound sources exceeds the number of microphones.

We propose a novel feeding circuit for a 30 GHz planar multibeam antenna applied to high-speed wireless communication systems. The feeding circuit is a bi-layer 8-port Butler matrix constructed with phase adjusted slot-coupled hybrids and branch-line hybrids. The new circuit configuration eliminates troublesome vias and line crossings, so it can be manufactured by traditional photolithograph. The feeding circuit is designed by using the spectral domain moment method considering bonding film effects. A prototype of a multibeam antenna which has seven pencil-beams with 10 beamwidths is manufactured and tested; the beam scan angle error is less than 3 at 30 GHz.

For quasi millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave high-speed wireless communications over wireless LANs and wireless ATMs, narrow beam antennas have been shown to provide high transmission quality by suppressing the troublesome multipath effect. However, the diameter of sector antennas needed to create the narrow beams rapidly increases with the sector number. In addition, the cylindrical shape of typical sector antennas does not suit portable terminals. This paper shows a methodology for designing planar sector antennas that overcomes these problems. The proposed antenna uses two kinds of beams and the antenna gains are equalized in all sectors. The antenna is developed as a 4-beam subarray fed by a planar Butler matrix circuit. The design method of the subarray and an evaluation of its characteristics in the 20 GHz band are discussed.

A new type of guided-wave polarization splitter is proposed for the operation at optical frequencies. The basic structure of the device is a bifurcating waveguide fabricated in a uniaxial crystalline material such as LiNbO3. The splitting behavior of optical waves into two waves with mutually perpendicular directions of polarization by an optically anisotropic material is utilized in the branching section of the present polarization splitter. Once of the conspicuous features of the device is free of any electrical control via the electro-optic effects. Some numerical results obtained with the finite difference beam propagation method indicate that extinction ratios better than 20dB are possible of realization for both TE and TM modes.

In this paper the characteristics of millimeter-wave antenna composed of layered magnetic and dielectric slabs with different corrugation are described for the transverse electric mode. A corrugation of the upper magnetic layer contacts with air, and the lower surface of the dielectric slab having corrugation in matalized. The extinction coefficient clarifying the characteristics of the leakage wave is systematically derived by using the perturbation method combined with the multiple space scales. As an example the radiation efficiency becomes a value of about 89% by using the typical physical parameters in the frequency range from 52 to 54 GHz.

In this paper, scattering problem of the grating coupler is analyzed by the mode-matching method in the sense of least squares for the gaussian light beam incidence. This coupler has a periodic groove structure of finite extent, which is formed on the surface of the core layer of the symmetric thin-film waveguide. In the present method, the approximate scattered fields of each region of the grating coupler are described by the superpositions of the plane waves with band-limited spectra, respectively. These approximate wave functions are determined by the minimization of the mean-square boundary residual. This method results in the simultaneous Fredholm type integral equations of the second kind for these spectra. The first and second order approximate solutions of the integral equations are derived analytically and the coupling efficiency and scattered fields are analyzed on the basis of those solutions. A qualitative and physical consideration for the scattering problem of the grating coupler is presented with the fundamental data derived from approximate solutions in this paper.