Cryptosystems for smartcard are required to provide protection from Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attack. Self-timed circuit based cryptosystems demonstrate considerable resistance against DPA attack, but they take substantial circuit area. A novel approach offering up to 30% area reduction and maintaining DPA protection level close to DIMS scheme is proposed.

We propose efficient secret sharing schemes realizing general access structures. Our proposed schemes are perfect secret sharing schemes and include Shamir's (k, n)-threshold schemes as a special case. Furthermore, we show that a verifiable secret sharing scheme for general access structures is realized by one of the proposed schemes.

A new bipolar linear transconductor for low-voltage low-power signal processing is proposed. The proposed circuit has larger input linear range and smaller power dissipation when compared with the conventional bipolar linear transconductor. The experimental results show that the transconductor with a transconductance of 50 µS has a linearity error of less than 0.02% over an input voltage range of 2.1 V at supply voltages of 3 V. The power dissipation of the transconductor is 3.15 mW.

Available Bit Rate (ABR) flow control is an effective measure in ATM network congestion control. In large scale and high-speed network, the simplicity of algorithm is crucial to optimize the switch performance. Although the binary flow control is very simple, the queue length and allowed cell rate (ACR) controlled by the standard EFCI algorithm oscillate with great amplitude, which has negative impact on the performance, so its applicability was doubted, and then the explicit rate feedback mechanism was introduced and explored. In this study, the model of binary flow control is built based on the fluid flow theory, and its correctness is validated by simulation experiments. The linear model describing the source end system how to regulate the cell rate is obtained through local linearization method. Then, we evaluate and analyze the standard EFCI algorithm using the describing function approach, which is well-developed in nonlinear control theory. The conclusion is that queue and ACR oscillations are caused by the inappropriate nonlinear control rule originated from intuition, but not intrinsic attribute of the binary flow control mechanism. The simulation experiments validate our analysis and conclusion. Finally, the new scheme about parameter settings is put forward to remedy the weakness existed in the standard EFCI switches without any change on the hardware architecture. The numerical results demonstrate that the new scheme is effective and fruitful.

The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology is very important to support the electronic commerce and digital communications on existing networks. The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) is the standard protocol for retrieving certificate revocation information in the PKI. To minimize the damages caused by OCSP responder's private key exposure, a distributed OCSP composed of multiple responders is needed. This paper presents a new distributed OCSP with a single public key by using key-insulated signature scheme. In proposed distributed OCSP, each responder has the different private key, but corresponding public key remains fixed. Therefore the user simply obtains and stores one certificate, and can verify any responses by using a single public key.

In this paper, the problem in the distribution of the test statistic of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) test included in SP800-22 released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which causes a very high rate of rejection compared with the significance level, is considered on the basis of the distribution of the spectrum. The statistic of the DFT test, which was supposed to follow the standard normal distribution N(0, 1) according to the central limit theorem, seems to follow the normal distribution N(0.691, 0.5) approximately. The author derived the distribution function of the spectrum, and changed the threshold value from the default value of to the value of 1.7308 , where n is the length of a random number sequence. By this modification, the test statistic becomes to follow the normal distribution N(0, 0.5) approximately. The disagreement between this variance (= 0.5) and that of the standard normal distribution (= 1) can be considered to originate in the dependence of the spectrum. The evidences of the dependence are shown.

Newly designed cyclometalated iridium phosphors bearing 2,3-diphenylquinoxalines were characterized to provide highly efficient and vivid-red emitting materials for electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. Excellent quantum efficiencies for photoluminescence (PL) within a range 50-79% were observed in dichloromethane solutions at room temperature. A greatly improved PL decay lifetime of 1.1 µsec was also observed in CBP coevaporated film. Luminescence peak wavelengths of the phosphors lay within a preferable range 653-675 nm in evaporated films. The most vivid-red electroluminescence with 1931 CIE chromaticity coordinates of (x=0.70, y=0.28) was successfully attained.

Test data volume and power consumption for scan-based designs are two major concerns in system-on-a-chip testing. However, test set compaction by filling the don't-cares will invariably increase the scan-in power dissipation for scan testing, then the goals of test data reduction and low-power scan testing appear to be conflicted. Therefore, in this paper we present a selective scan chain reconfiguration method for test data compression and scan-in power reduction. The proposed method analyzes the compatibility of the internal scan cells for a given test set and then divides the scan cells into compatible classes. After the scan chain reconfiguration a dictionary is built to indicate the run-length of each compatible class and only the scan-in data for each class should be transferred from the ATE to the CUT so as to reduce test data volume. Experimental results for the larger ISCAS'89 benchmarks show that the proposed approach overcomes the limitations of traditional run-length coding techniques, and leads to highly reduced test data volume with significant power savings during scan testing in all cases.

In this paper, we present a test data compression technique to reduce test data volume for multiscan-based designs. In our method the internal scan chains are divided into equal sized groups and two dictionaries were build to encode either an entire slice or a subset of the slice. Depending on the codeword, the decompressor may load all scan chains or may load only a group of the scan chains, which can enhance the effectiveness of dictionary-based compression. In contrast to previous dictionary coding techniques, even for the CUT with a large number of scan chains, the proposed approach can achieve satisfied reduction in test data volume with a reasonable smaller dictionary. Experimental results showed the proposed test scheme works particularly well for the large ISCAS'89 benchmarks.

This paper presents a VLSI design methodology for the MAC-level DWT/IDWT processor based on a novel limited-resource scheduling algorithm. The r-split Fully-specified Signal Flow Graph (FSFG) of limited-resource FIR filtering has been developed for the scheduling of the MAC-level DWT/IDWT signal processing. Given a set of architecture constraints and DWT parameters, the scheduling algorithm can generate four scheduling matrices that drive the data path to perform the DWT computation. Because the memory for the inter-octave is considered with the register of FIR filter, the memory size is less than the traditional architecture. Besides, based on the limited-resource scheduling algorithm, an automated DWT processor synthesizer has been developed and generates constrained DWT processors in the form of silicon intelligent property (SIP). The DWT SIP can be embedded into a SOC or mapped to program codes for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) DSP processors with programmable devices. As a result, it has been successfully proven that a variety of DWT SIPs can be efficiently realized by tuning the parameters and applied for signal processing applications.

The reliability of a 266 nm cw (continuous-wave) solid-state laser under the influence of purge gas was considered. Scatterers on a mirror during long-term operation were ammonium sulfate (NH4SO4). The synthesis of ammonium sulfate was related to the amount of water in the purge gas. UV power decreased by scatterers when the purge was not conducted.

A look-up table (LUT) cascade is a new type of a programmable logic device (PLD) that provides an alternative way to realize multiple-output functions. An LUT ring is an emulator for an LUT cascade. Compared with an LUT cascade, the LUT ring is more flexible. In this paper we discuss the realization of multiple-output functions with the LUT ring. Unlike an FPGA realization of a logic function, accurate prediction of the delay time is easy in an LUT ring realization. A prototype of an LUT ring has been custom-designed with 0.35 µm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that the LUT ring is 80 to 241 times faster than software programs on an SH-1, and 36 to 93 times faster than software programs on a PentiumIII when the frequencies for the LUT ring and the MPUs are the same, but is slightly slower than commercial FPGAs.

This paper proposes a simple control method to improve the ignition behavior of cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) in digital-dimming control. Due to restriking manipulation in digital-dimming mode, the lamp life of CCFL is reduced substantially. To extend the lamp life, we realize a digital-dimming controller with soft-starting technique (DDC-SST) to reduce the high ignition voltage and to eliminate the ignition current spike. The half-bridge resonant inverter is employed in the presented backlight system. Complete analysis and design considerations are discussed in detail in this paper. Simulation and experimental results are close to the theoretical prediction. The overall efficiency of the system achieved at the rated power is over 91%. The ignition voltage is reduced about 30% without any lamp current spike occurred under digital-dimming operation.

This paper proposes a scalable video delivery scheme, named P2PVD, for large-scale video-on-demand applications based on the emerging peer-to-peer structure and characteristic user behaviors. Two types of orders are permitted in P2PVD: reserved and urgent. Reserved orders are encouraged with a lower price policy, which smoothes the network traffic and reduces the server load. The requesting peers use delay-aware dynamic parallel transmission to serve the reserved and urgent orders, and supplying peers employ three priority rules to increase the capacity of P2PVD. Experimental results indicate that P2PVD is scalable.

With the need and adoption of link aggregation where multiple links exist between two adjacent nodes in order to increase transmission capacity between them, there arise the problems of service guarantee and fair sharing of multiple servers. Although a lot of significant work has been done for single-server scheduling disciplines in the past years, not much work is available for multi-server scheduling disciplines. In this paper, we present and investigate two round robin based multi-server scheduling disciplines, which are Multi-Server Uniform Round Robin (MS-URR) and Multi-Server Deficit Round Robin (MS-DRR). In particular, we analyze their service guarantees and fairness bounds. In addition, we discuss the misordering problem with MS-DRR and present a bound for its misordering probability.

CDN (Content Delivery Networks) improves end-user performance by replicating web contents on a group of geographically distributed servers. However, repeatedly keeping the entire replica of the original objects into many content servers consumes too much server resource. This problem becomes more serious for the large-sized objects such as streaming media, e.g. high quality video. In this paper, we therefore propose an efficient replication method for layered video streams in CDN, which can reduce user response delays and storage costs simultaneously. Based on an analytical formulation of the cooperative replication of layers and segments of each video stream, we derive a replication algorithm which solves next three problems quantitatively. (1) How many servers should be selected to replicate a given video stream? (2) For a single video stream, how many layers and segments should be stored in a given server? (3) After selecting a group of servers for each video stream, how do we allocate the replication priority (i.e. order) to each server? Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm efficiently resolves the above problems and provides much better performance than conventional methods.

Theoretical calculation has been done on the decay time of photoluminescence of Ir(ppy)3 dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and its temperature dependence at 1.2-300 K. Taking into account that the emitting triplet state consists of three zero-field splitting substates and taking into account one-phonon non-radiative transitions among these substates, the rate equations for the populations of these substates have been obtained. Three decay components are derived by solving not only the secular equation but also the rate equations, where the slow decay time shows decrease from 145 to 2 µs with increasing temperature from 1.2 to 300 K. A good agreement has been obtained for the temperature dependence between the calculated slow decay time and the observed one.

In this paper, we have proposed to apply a combinatorial approach to investigate the Schottky diode based on electrochemically polymerized conjugated polymer. The concept of combinatorial approach was emerged in the biochemical field and lately used in the materials science to screen a number of experimental conditions efficiently. Some tips for designing the polymerization bath suitable for our purpose, such as the way to suppress the interference of polymerization currents, have been described. In the case of Schottky diodes based on poly (3-methylthiophene), the system chosen to test our idea, the effects of polymer thickness and the supporting salt on the device characteristics have been surveyed clearly and rapidly. The map or library of the relationship between the polymerization condition and device characteristic may be useful to tune the device characteristics as desired. Our preliminary result has shown that the combinatorial approach proposed here can be a powerful tool to investigate the conjugated polymer devices by electrochemical polymerization such as electrochromic devices.

We have determined the thickness and optical constants (refractive index and extinction coefficient) of each layer in the multi-layer organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices based on phosphorescent platinum octaethyl porphine (PtOEP) using a phase modulated spectroscopic ellipsometer. The thickness of each layer estimated from the ellipsometric measurement is different from the thickness measured with quartz oscillator during the evaporation of organic materials. The deviation of total multi-layer thickness is about 5%, while the deviation in each of N, N'-bis(1-naphtyl)-N, N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (α-NPD) and aluminum tris 8-hydroxyquinoline (Alq3) layers is about 20-25%. Additionally the spectra of refractive index and extinction coefficient of Alq3 and α-NPD layers are different from those that are measured using the single layer films. These results are understood by penetration of organic material from the neighboring layers in the multi-layer structure devices.

In this paper, a 20 GHz push-push oscillator using a ring resonator is proposed. The push-push oscillator adopts "dipole resonator push-push oscillator" circuit scheme, in which a common resonator plays two roles of frequency determining and power combining, and then the additional power combiner circuit required in conventional push-push oscillators can be eliminated. This kind of push-push oscillators has the advantages of the easy circuit design, the simple circuit configuation and the miniaturization of the circuit size. The output power is +4.5 dBm at the frequency of 20.34 GHz (2f0) with the phase noise of -98 dBc/Hz at the offset frequency of 1 MHz, and a high suppression of the undesired the fundamental frequency signal (f0) of -33 dBc is obtained.