Histogram equalization is the most popular method for image enhancement. However it has some drawbacks: i) it causes undesirable artifacts and ii) it can degrade the visual quality. To overcome the drawbacks, in this letter, multi-histogram equalization on smoothed histogram using a Gaussian kernel is proposed. To demonstrate the effectiveness, the method is tested on several images and compared with conventional methods.

Two novel frequency rotation techniques that suppress multipath interference and increase the frequency diversity gain are proposed for uplink IFDMA systems. These benefits are especially important as the performance of traditional IFDMA falls significantly when the number of simultaneous accessing users becomes large. Frequency rotation was originally proposed to suppress the multipath interference and enlarge the frequency diversity gain of downlink access. Unfortunately, it cannot be applied to the uplink due to the loss of orthogonality among users in the frequency domain. In the proposed frequency rotation techniques, users do not share the multiple frequency orthogonal channels and thus orthogonality among users is maintained. The proposed technique is verified by computer simulations.

We have revealed that the electronic states in the electrodes give a significant influence to the electron transport in nano-electronic devices. We have theoretically investigated the time-evolution of electron transport from a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) to a quantum dot (QD), where 2DEG represents the electrode in the nano-electronic devices. We clearly showed that the coherent electron transport is remarkably modified depending on the initial electronic state in the 2DEG. The electron transport from the 2DEG to the QD is strongly enhanced, when the initial state of the electron in the 2DEG is localized below the QD. We have proposed that controlling the electronic state in the electrodes could realize a new concept device function without modifying the electrode structures; that achieves a new controllable state in future nano-electronic devices.

Packet classification has become one of the most important application techniques in network security since the last decade. The technique involves a traffic descriptor or user-defined criteria to categorize packets to a specific forwarding class which will be accessible for future security handling. To achieve fast packet classification, we propose a new scheme, Hierarchical Cross-Producting. This approach simplifies the classification procedure and decreases the distinct combinations of fields by hierarchically decomposing the multi-dimensional space based on the concept of telescopic search. Analogous to the use of telescopes with different powers**, a multiple-step process is used to search for targets. In our scheme, the multi-dimensional space is endowed with a hierarchical property which self-divides into several smaller subspaces, whereas the procedure of packet classification is translated into recursive searching for matching subspaces. The required storage of our scheme could be significantly reduced since the distinct field specifications of subspaces is manageable. The performance are evaluated based on both real and synthetic filter databases. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed scheme.

We present a predictive closed-loop power control scheme for delay-prone burst transmission systems. The scheme has a sample-by-sample predictor compensating burst delay and a built-in channel encoder reducing power control command bit error.

This paper is in response to the report of Ahn, Mun, Kim, Oh, and Han published in IEICE Trans. INF. & SYST., Vol.E91-D, No.4, 2008, 1215-1217. They tried to extend their previous paper that published on IEICE Trans. INF. & SYST., Vol.E86-D, No.12, 2003, 2790-2793. However, we will point out that their extension is based on the detailed data of knowing the frequency of three types. Their new occurrence information based on intuitionistic fuzzy set for medical diagnosis of headache becomes redundant. We advise researchers to directly use the detailed data to decide the diagnosis of headache.

In this paper, we propose a file replication method to achieve load balancing in terms of write access to storage device ("write storage access load balancing" for short) in unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing networks in which the popularity trend of queried files varies dynamically. The proposed method uses a write storage access ratio as a load balance index value in order to stabilize dynamic P2P file-sharing environments adaptively. In the proposed method, each peer autonomously controls the file replication ratio, which is defined as a probability to create the replica of the file in order to uniform write storage access loads in the similar way to thermal diffusion phenomena. Theoretical analysis results show that the behavior of the proposed method actually has an analogy to a thermal diffusion equation. In addition, simulation results reveal that the proposed method has an ability to realize write storage access load balancing in the dynamic P2P file-sharing environments.

The Distributed Denial of Service attack (DDoS) is one of the major threats to network security that exhausts network bandwidth and resources. Recently, an efficient approach Live Baiting was proposed for detecting the identities of DDoS attackers in web service using low state overhead without requiring either the models of legitimate requests nor anomalous behavior. However, Live Baiting has two limitations. First, the detection algorithm adopted in Live Baiting starts with a suspects list containing all clients, which leads to a high false positive probability especially for large web service with a huge number of clients. Second, Live Baiting adopts a fixed threshold based on the expected number of requests in each bucket during the detection interval without the consideration of daily and weekly traffic variations. In order to address the above limitations, we first distinguish the clients activities (Active and Non-Active clients during the detection interval) in the detection process and then further propose a new adaptive threshold based on the Change Point Detection method, such that we can improve the false positive probability and avoid the dependence of detection on sites and access patterns. Extensive trace-driven simulation has been conducted on real Web trace to demonstrate the detection efficiency of the proposed scheme in comparison with the Live Baiting detection scheme.

Image sequence registration has attracted increasing attention due to its significance in image processing and computer vision. In this paper, we put forward a new kernel based image registration approach, combining both feature-based and intensity-based methods. The proposed algorithm consists of two steps. The first step utilizes feature points to roughly estimate a motion parameter between successive frames; the second step applies our kernel based idea to align all the frames to the reference frame (typically the first frame). Experimental results using both synthetic and real image sequences demonstrate that our approach can automatically register all the image frames and be robust against illumination change, occlusion and image noise.

We try to use a computer algebra system Mathematica as a test case generation system. In test case generation, we generally need to solve equations and inequalities. The main reason why we take Mathematica is because it has a built-in function to solve equations and inequalities. In this paper, we deal with both black-box testing and white-box testing. First, we show two black-box test case generation procedures described in Mathematica. The first one is based on equivalence partitioning. Mathematica explicitly shows a case that test cases do no exist. This is an advantage in using Mathematica. The second procedure is a modification of the first one adopting boundary value analysis. For implementation of boundary value analysis, we give a formalization for it. Next, we show a white-box test case generation procedure. For this purpose, we also give a model for source programs. It is like a control flow graph model. The proposed procedure analyzes a model description of a program.

We propose a call admission control scheme in cellular and wireless local area networks (WLANs) integration: integrated service-based admission control with load-balancing capability (ISACL). The novel aspects of the ISACL scheme include that load transfer in the cellular/WLAN overlapping areas is allowed for the admission of originating data calls from the area with cellular access only and vertical handoff requests to the cellular network. Packet-level quality of service (QoS) constraints in the WLANs and other-cell interference in the code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular network are taken into account to derive the WLANs and cellular capacity. We model the integrated networks using a multi-dimensional Markov chain and the important performance measures are derived for effective optimization of the admission parameters. The analytical model is validated by a computer simulation. The variation of admission parameters with traffic load and the dependence of resource utilization on admission parameters are investigated. It is shown that optimal balancing of the traffic load between the cellular network and WLANs results in the maximum resource utilization. Numerical results demonstrate that substantial performance improvements can be achieved by applying the proposed ISACL scheme.

The excellent performance of the 10 nm gate Multi-Nano-Pillar type (M-) Vertical MOSFET has been numerically shown for the first time. It is made clear that the M-Vertical MOSFET, in comparison with the conventional Single Pillar type (S-) Vertical MOSFET, has achieved an increased driving current by more than 2 times, a nearly ideal S-factor, and a suppressed cutoff-leakage current by less than 1/60 by suppressing both the short channel effect and the DIBL effect. Moreover, mechanisms of these improvements of the M-Vertical MOSFET are made clear. From all of the above, it is shown that the M-Vertical MOSFET is a key device candidate for future high speed and low power LSI's in the sub-10 nm generation.

A HfO2 as the charge-storage layer with the physical thickness thinner than 4 nm in silicon-oxide-high-k oxide-oxide-silicon (SOHOS) flash memory was investigated. Compared to the conventional silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) flash memory, the SOHOS shows the slow operational speed and exhibits the poorer retention characteristics. These are attributed to the thin physical thickness below 4 nm and the crystallization of the HfO2 to contribute the lateral migration of the trapped charge in the trapping layer during high temperature annealing process.

In this paper, we have succeeded in the fabrication of high performance Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) which is integrated in CMOS circuit with 4-Metal/ 1-poly Gate 0.14 µm CMOS process. We have measured the DC characteristics of the MTJ that is fabricated on via metal of 3rd layer metal line. This MTJ of 60180 nm2 achieves a large change in resistance of 3.52 kΩ (anti-parallel) with TMR ratio of 151% at room temperature, which is large enough for sensing scheme of standard CMOS logic. Furthermore, the write current is 320 µA that can be driven by a standard MOS transistor. As the results, it is shown that the DC performance of our fabricated MTJ integrated in CMOS circuits is very good for our novel spin logic (MTJ-based logic) device.

An on-chip Charged Device Model (CDM) ESD protection method for RF ICs is proposed in a 0.13 µm RF process and evaluated by using very fast Transmission Line Pulse (vf-TLP) system. Key design parameters such as triggering voltage (Vt1) and the oxide breakdown voltage from the vf-TLP measurement are used to design input ESD protection circuits for a RF test chip. The characterization and the behavior of a Low Voltage Triggered Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) which used for ESD protection clamp under vf-TLP measurements are also reported. The results measured by vf-TLP system showed that the triggering voltage decreased and the second breakdown current increased in comparison with the results measured by a standard 100 ns TLP system. From the HBM/ CDM testing, the RF test chip successfully met the requested RF ESD withstand level, HBM 1 kV, MM 100 V and CDM 500 V.

In this paper, a low-voltage, wide-common-mode-range and high-CMRR OTA is presented. The proposed OTA consists of two circuit blocks; one is the input stage and operates as a differential level shifter, and the other is a highly linear output stage. Furthermore, the OTA can be operated in both weak and strong inversion regions. The proposed OTA is evaluated through Star-HSPICE with 0.18 µm CMOS device parameters (LEVEL53). Simulation results demonstrate a CMRR of 158 dB, a common-mode-input-range of 65 mV to 720 mV and a current consumption of 1.2 µA when VDD=0.8 V.

In this paper, we propose four new general constructions of LCZ/ZCZ sequence sets based on interleaving technique and affine transformations. A larger family of LCZ/ZCZ sequence sets with longer period are generated by these constructions, which are more flexible among the selection of the alphabet size, the period of the sequences and the length of LCZ/ZCZ, compared with those generated by the known constructions. Especially, two families of the newly constructed sequences can achieve or almost achieve the theoretic bound.

This letter proposes closed form solutions to the L2-sensitivity minimization of second-order state-space digital filters with real poles. We consider two cases of second-order digital filters: distinct real poles and multiple real poles. In case of second-order digital filters, we can express the L2-sensitivity of second-order digital filters by a simple linear combination of exponential functions and formulate the L2-sensitivity minimization problem by a simple polynomial equation. As a result, the minimum L2-sensitivity realizations can be synthesized by only solving a fourth-degree polynomial equation, which can be analytically solved.

Robust object tracking is required by many vision applications, and it will be useful for the motion analysis of moving object if we can not only track the object, but also make clear the corresponding relation of each part between consecutive frames. For this purpose, we propose a new method for moving object extraction and tracking based on the exclusive block matching. We build a cost matrix consisting of the similarities between the current frame's and the previous frame's blocks and obtain the corresponding relation by solving one-to-one matching as linear assignment problem. In addition, we can track the trajectory of occluded blocks by dealing with multi-frames simultaneously.

Due to the development and popularization of high-definition televisions, digital video cameras, Blu-ray discs, digital broadcasting, IP television and so on, it plays an important role to identify and quantify video quality degradations. In this paper, we propose SV-CIELAB which is an objective video quality assessment (VQA) method using a spatio-velocity contrast sensitivity function (SV-CSF). In SV-CIELAB, motion information in videos is effectively utilized for filtering unnecessary information in the spatial frequency domain. As the filter to apply videos, we used the SV-CSF. It is a modulation transfer function of the human visual system, and consists of the relationship among contrast sensitivities, spatial frequencies and velocities of perceived stimuli. In the filtering process, the SV-CSF cannot be directly applied in the spatial frequency domain because spatial coordinate information is required when using velocity information. For filtering by the SV-CSF, we obtain video frames separated in spatial frequency domain. By using velocity information, the separated frames with limited spatial frequencies are weighted by contrast sensitivities in the SV-CSF model. In SV-CIELAB, the criteria are obtained by calculating image differences between filtered original and distorted videos. For the validation of SV-CIELAB, subjective evaluation experiments were conducted. The subjective experimental results were compared with SV-CIELAB and the conventional VQA methods such as CIELAB color difference, Spatial-CIELAB, signal to noise ratio and so on. From the experimental results, it was shown that SV-CIELAB is a more efficient VQA method than the conventional methods.