In this letter, we propose a simple but accurate calculation method, that is, an approximate closed-form equation of average bit error rate in DPSK/OFDM systems with post-detection diversity reception over both time- and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The validity of the proposed method is verified by the fact that BER performances given by the derived equation coincide with those by Monte Carlo simulation.

In this paper, a novel model of Gaussian pulse propagation in optical fiber is proposed to comprehensively analyze the impact of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) on the performance of two-dimensional wavelength hopping/time spreading optical code division multiple access (2-D WH/TS OCDMA) systems. In addition, many noise and interferences, including multiple access interference (MAI), optical beating interference (OBI), and receiver's noise are included in the analysis. Besides, we propose to use the heterodyne detection receiver so that the receiver's sensitivity can be improved. Analytical results show that, under the impact of GVD, the number of supportable users is extremely decreased and the maximum transmission length (i.e. the length at which BER 10-9 can be maintained) is remarkably shortened in the case of normal single mode fiber (ITU-T G.652) is used. The main factor that limits the system performance is time skewing. In addition, we show how the impact of GVD is relieved by dispersion-shifted fiber (ITU-T G.653). For example, a system with 321 Gbit/s users can achieve a maximum transmission length of 111 km when transmitted optical power per bit is -5 dBm.

This paper proposes spread-spectrum clock modulation algorithms for EMI reduction in digitally-controlled DC-DC converters. In switching regulators using PWM, switching noise and harmonic noise concentrated in a narrow spectrum around the switching frequency can cause severe EMI. Spread-spectrum clock modulation can be used to minimize EMI. In conventional switching regulators using analog control it is very difficult to realize complex spread-spectrum clocking, however this paper shows that it is relatively easy to implement spread-spectrum EMI-reduction using digital control. The proposed algorithm was verified using a power converter simulator (SCAT).

As a candidate for the transmission technology of next generation mobile communication systems, time-domain spreading MC-CDMA systems have begun to attract much attention. In these systems, data and pilot symbols are spread in the time domain and code-multiplexed. To combat fading issues, we need to conduct channel estimation by using the code-multiplexed pilot symbols. Especially in next generation systems, frequency bands higher than those of current systems, which raise the maximum Doppler frequency, are expected to be used, so that a more powerful channel estimation method is expected. Considering this, we propose a channel estimation method for highly accurate channel estimation; it is a combination of a two-dimensional channel estimation method and an impulse response-based channel estimation method. We evaluate the proposed method by computer simulations.

This letter proposes a high precision ranging scheme based on the time of arrival estimation technique for the IEEE 802.15.4a chirp spread spectrum system. The proposed scheme consists of a linear channel impulse response estimation process with the zero forcing or minimum mean square error technique and the multipath delay estimation process with matrix pencil algorithm. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with that of a well known MUSIC algorithm in terms of computational complexity and ranging precision. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the MUSIC algorithm even though it has comparatively lower computational complexity.

In this paper, we propose a novel search and selection method for spreading code set of UWB system and apply it to IEEE 802.15.4a IR-UWB system. To find a spreading code with low spectral peak to average ratio (SPAR) and good auto-correlation property, the proposed method searches spreading codes in the frequency domain based on the time-frequency relation of the spreading code. Using evaluation parameters, we selected the code set which had SPAR reduced about 1.1079 dB, Golay merit factor (GMF) improved by 49% and almost the same modified Golay merit factor (MGMF) compared to the code set used as preambles for IR-UWB system.

This paper presents a novel interference cancellation (IC) scheme for both synchronous and asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) wireless channels. In the DS-CDMA system, the multiple access interference (MAI) and the near-far problem (NFP) are the two factors which reduce the capacity of the system. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that is able to detect all interference signals as an individual MAI signal by maximum correlation detection. It is based on the discovery of all the unknowing spreading codes of the interference signals. Then, all possible MAI patterns so called replicas are generated as a summation of interference signals. And the true MAI pattern is found by taking correlation between the received signal and the replicas. Moreover, the receiver executes MAI cancellation in a successive manner, removing all interference signals by single-stage. Numerical results will show that the proposed IC strategy, which alleviates the detrimental effect of the MAI and the near-far problem, can significantly improve the system performance. Especially, we can obtain almost the same receiving characteristics as in the absense of interference for asynchrnous system when received powers are equal. Also, the same performances can be seen under any received power state for synchronous system.

In this letter we propose a robust detection algorithm for audio watermarking for copyright protection. The watermark is embedded in the time domain of an audio signal by the normally used spread spectrum technique. The scheme of detection is an improvement of the conventional correlation detector. A high-pass filter is applied along with the linear prediction error filter for whitening the audio signal and an adaptive threshold is chosen for decision comparing. Experimental results show that our detection algorithm outperforms the conventional one not only because it improves the robustness to normal attacks but also because it can provide the robustness to time-invariant pitch-scale modification.

We study the performances of a synchronous chip-interleaved, block spread (CIBS) code division multiple access (CDMA) with space-time block-coding (STBC) in the presence of frequency-selective fading. For providing the space diversity gain due to STBC, we introduce the optimum precoding for the STBC. Zero-forcing and minimum mean square error equalizers for CIBS-CDMA are derived. Simulation results confirm that the proposed precoder is valid under the frequency selective fading.

A transceiver macro for high-speed data transmission via cable in vehicles is proposed. The transceiver uses ac coupling and bi-directional interface topology for protecting LSIs against unexpected short of cable and harness/chassis and has a spread-spectrum-clocking (SSC) generator that reduces noise due to electromagnetic interference. A driver current control has been used for fast switching of data direction on ac-coupled interfaces. An adaptive bandwidth control has been used in a Δ ∑ PLL to improve SCC significantly. A test chip has been fabricated and shows stable and bi-directional data communication with data rate of 162 to 972 Mbps through 20-m cable. Thanks to an optimum calibration of the SSC-PLL bandwidth, it reduces peak power at 33 kHz by -23 dB and provides 2% modulation at a data rate of 810 Mbps.

In this paper, a new large spreading code set with a uniform low cross-correlation is proposed. The proposed code set is capable of (1) increasing the number of assigned user (capacity) in a multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system and (2) reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In this paper, we derive a new code set and present an example to demonstrate performance improvements of OFDM and MC-CDMA systems. Our proposed code set with code length of N has K=2N+1 number of codes for supporting up to (2N+1) users and exhibits lower cross correlation properties compared to the existing spreading code sets. Our results with subcarrier N=16 confirm that the proposed code set outperforms the current pseudo-orthogonal carrier interferometry (POCI) code set with gain of 5 dB at bit-error-rate (BER) level of 10-4 in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and gain of more than 3.6 dB in a multipath fading channel.

We propose an implementation of the tapped delay line adaptive array (TDLAA) at the base station for improving the BER performance of asynchronous multi-user mobile communication over fast fading channels using multiple antennas. The data of each user at the mobile station, which applies two transmit antennas, are encoded by Space Time Block Code (STBC). The proposed scheme transmits the pilot signal and information data in alternate time slots. We derive performance criteria for designing such a scheme under the assumption that the fading is classified as fast fading. We show that the proposed scheme can suppress co-channel interference (CCI) and defeat Doppler spread effectively.

The present paper introduces the construction of a class of sequence sets with zero-correlation zones called zero-correlation zone sequence sets. The proposed zero-correlation zone sequence set can be generated from an arbitrary perfect sequence and an arbitrary Golay complementary sequence pair. The proposed construction is a generalization of the zero-correlation zone sequence construction previously reported by the present author. The proposed sequence set can successfully provide CDMA communication without co-channel interference.

We design a unified multicarrier (UMC) system for wideband communication. The proposed scheme can provide an effective and unified method that can implement a wideband CDMA system with high spectrum efficiency and flexibility because of the free selection of system parameters and a double spreading in the time and frequency domains. Also, separation of the spectrums carrying the same data to further ensure the independent fading between subcarriers is performed, that is, subcarriers are interleaved in the frequency domain. This frequency interleaving mitigates the effect of ISI and ICI. We also theoretically analyze the performance of the UMC system by deriving the closed-form solution for probability of bit error in a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The analysis has proved that the UMC system has outperformed the conventional single carrier CDMA system under given conditions.

Spread Spectrum (SS) has been widely used for various wireless systems such as cellular systems, wireless local area network (LAN) and so on. Using multiple antennas at the receiver, two-dimensional (2D) RAKE is realized over the time- and the space-domain. However, it should be noted that the 2D-RAKE receiver must detect the bit timing prior to the RAKE combining. In case of deep fading, it is often difficult to detect it due to low signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). To solve this problem, we propose a new blind 2D-RAKE receiver based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). Since it does not need a priori bit timing detection, it is possible to compensate frequency selective fading even in very low SNR environments. The proposed method is particularly suitable for the software defined radio (SDR) architecture. The performance of the proposed method is investigated through computer simulations.

This paper presents a very wideband active RC polyphase filter (ARCPF). We propose a unit section of the ARCPF, which is an ordinary RCPF followed by opamps with parallel RC feedback. In the proposed unit section, pole and zero can be assigned independently. By using the unit ARCPFs, a very wideband image rejection filter can be realized by cascading the sections, which can greatly reduce the element value spread. To realize this, CMOS inverter based fully differential OTA which can operate under low supply voltage is also presented. This paper describes a six-stage active RC polyphase filter with 1-100 MHz passband in 0.18 µm CMOS technology.

A new spread spectrum clock generator (SSCG) using two-point delta-sigma modulation is presented in this paper. Not only the divider is varied, but also the voltage controlled oscillator is modulated. This technique can enhance the modulation bandwidth so that the effect of EMI suppression is improved with lower order ΣΔ modulator and can simultaneously optimize the jitter and the modulation profile. In addition, the method of two-path is applied to the loop filter to reduce the capacitance value such that the total integration can be achieved. The proposed SSCG has been fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process. The clock of 400 MHz with center spread ratios of 1.25% and 2.5% are verified. The peak EMI reduction is 19.73 dB for the case of 2.5%. The size of chip area is 0.900.89 mm2.

Very high-speed data services are demanded in the next generation wireless systems. However, the available bandwidth is limited. The use of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) multiplexing can increase the transmission rate without bandwidth expansion. For high-speed data transmission, however, the channel becomes severely frequency-selective and the achievable bit error rate (BER) performance degrades. In our previous work, we proposed the joint use of iterative frequency-domain parallel interference cancellation (PIC) and two-dimensional (2D) MMSE-FDE for the non-spread single-carrier (SC) transmission in a frequency-selective fading channel. The joint use of PIC and 2D MMSE-FDE can effectively suppress the inter-path interference (IPI) and the inter-code interference (ICI), resulting from the channel frequency-selectivity, and the interference from other antennas simultaneously. An iterative PIC with 2D MMSE-FDE has a high computational complexity. In this paper, to well suppress the interference from other antennas while reducing the computational complexity, we propose to replace 2D MMSE-FDE by 1D MMSE-FDE except for the initial iteration stage and to use multicode spread-spectrum (SS) transmission instead of the non-spread SC transmission. The BER performance of the proposed scheme in a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel is evaluated by computer simulation to show that the proposed scheme can basically match the BER performance of 2D MMSE-FDE with lower complexity.

The present paper describes a method for the construction of a zero-correlation zone sequence set from a perfect sequence. Both the cross-correlation function and the side-lobe of the auto-correlation function of the proposed sequence sets are zero for phase shifts within the zero-correlation zone. These sets can be generated from an arbitrary perfect sequence, the length of which is the product of a pair of odd integers ((2n+1)(2k+1) for k ≥ 1 and n ≥ 0). The proposed sequence construction method can generate an optimal zero-correlation zone sequence set that achieves the theoretical bounds of the sequence member size given the size of the zero-correlation zone and the sequence period. The peak in the out-of-phase correlation function of the constructed sequences is restricted to be lower than the half of the power of the sequence itself. The proposed sequence sets could successfully provide CDMA communication without co-channel interference, or, in an ultrasonic synthetic aperture imaging system, improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired image.

This letter presents low-complexity digital pulse shaping filter structures of a direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) ultra wide-band (UWB) modem transmitter with a ternary spreading code. The proposed finite impulse response (FIR) filter structures using a look-up table (LUT) have the effect of saving the amount of memory by about 50% to 80% in comparison to the conventional FIR filter structures, and consequently are suitable for a high-speed parallel data process.