Deflection routing is one of the promising approaches to resolve contention in the optical burst switching networks. In the conventional deflection routing scheme, optical bursts may be unable to traverse the route evaluated to select an outgoing link because of the contention at succeeding downstream transit nodes. As a result, the optical bursts may traverse a different route resulting in a long distance or decreased performance. This paper proposes a deflection routing scheme that considers the possibility of the contention at downstream nodes. This scheme utilizes the "expected route distance" instead of the static route distance toward a destination node. The expected route distance considers the possibility of contention at each downstream transit node and is calculated using measured link blocking probabilities at each downstream transit node. The selection priority of each outgoing link is given dynamically based on its expected route distance toward a destination node. By considering the possibility of contention at downstream nodes, a routing scheme with high performance can be realized. The loss rate of optical bursts is improved when an imbalanced load is applied to the network, and the loss rate of optical bursts is also improved when the network includes links with extremely different distances.

In this paper we present a novel method for improving RAKE receiver reception in UWB systems. Due to the fact that practical pulses that can be produced for UWB-IR (Ultra Wideband-Impulse Radio) may occupy a longer time than the typical multipath resolution of the actual UWB channel, multiple channel components may arrive within this typical pulse width. Performance degradation may occur due to the resulting intrapulse (overlapping received pulses) interference. We here propose an adaptive, pilot aided RAKE receiver for UWB communications in the multipath environment. The proposed system estimates the actual received signal with intrapulse interference in each RAKE finger using projections onto a Hadamard-Hermite subspace. By exploiting the orthogonality of this subspace it is possible to decompose the received signal so as to better match the template waveform and reduce the effects of intrapulse interference. By using the projections onto this subspace, the dimension of the received signal is effectively increased allowing for adaptive correlator template outputs. RAKE receivers based on this proposal are designed which show significant performance improvement and require less fingers to achieve required performance than their conventional counterparts.

The mobile agent paradigm is a promising technology to structure distributed applications. Since mobile agents physically move to a remote host that is under the control of a different principal, they need to be protected from this environment which is responsible for execution. In this paper, we provide a new cryptographic methodology of protecting mobile agents from unauthorized modification for the program code by malicious hosts.

In this paper, we briefly describe a fast Jacket transform based on simple matrices factorization. The proposed algorithm needs fewer and simpler computations than that of the existing methods, which are RJ's [2], Lee's [7] and Yang's algorithm [8]. Therefore, it can be easily applied to develop the efficient fast algorithm for signal processing and data communications.

A novel application of fuzzy-neuro approach to protection of double circuit transmission line is demonstrated in this paper. Different system faults on a protected transmission line should be detected and classified rapidly and correctly. Using the proposed approach, fault detection, classification and faulted phase selection could be achieved within a quarter of cycle. Results of performance studies show that the proposed fuzzy-neuro-based module can improve the performance of conventional fault selection algorithms.

This paper demonstrates a power supply noise reduction using on-board stubs. A quarter-length stub attached to the power supply line of an LSI chip works as a band-eliminate filter, and suppresses the power supply noise of the designed frequency. Preliminary experiments show that 87% of the designed frequency noise component is suppressed when stub patterns are written on a power supply area on a PCB board for a 1.25 GHz operating LSI. The results show the possibility of the stub on-chip integration when the operating frequency of LSIs becomes higher and the stub length becomes shorter.

Change detection methods are used to detect changes between two frames in an image sequence. Fundamental techniques for detecting changes use a difference image between the two frames. The change of each pixel is detected if difference values exceed a pre-set threshold, which is determined on the basis of the estimated value of the variance of noises on the frames. Not only the noises on the frames but also illumination changes between the frames are critical problems for change detection. A recently proposed approach gives a threshold derived from the average of the difference image over areas which are estimated as non-change parts. However, such a threshold may not be appropriate since the approach uses no physical parameters such as light sources, the reflection of objects. This paper proposes a new change detection method based on a physical model, which describes physical parameters such as light sources and the reflection of objects, known as an illumination model. First, we show the derivation of a new threshold based on the illumination model. The threshold is derived from the angle of the light of sources, the gray level of background objects, and the normal-vector of the background objects. A new change detection algorithm using such a threshold is shown. Next, we show experimental results and comparison, in which the proposed method improves the accuracy of detection results, compared to change detection by using the conventional threshold. We also give discussion on the features of the proposed method.

We initiated development of our own data processing software for laser microscope data with C# language. This software is provided with volume calculation function of a target portion, based on a new calculation algorithm that can precisely handle the volume calculation of the portion located on a tilted surface or on a distorted surface. In this paper, this algorithm and some exemplary results obtained thereby, as well as some further development aims, are briefly described.

The author prepared new composition of Cu-Sn based composite materials containing lamellar solid lubricants, and measured their performance with focus on contact resistance and the coefficient of friction using a low-speed tribo-meter. Among three kinds of composite materials, the composite material containing 26wt.% of total solid lubricants was lower in both of contact resistance and the coefficient of friction and showed stable characteristics compared with those containing 25wt.% and 35wt.% respectively. The author analyzed the characteristics of these materials using several techniques including BSE image, element analysis through EPMA, and mapping analysis, and examined why the composite material containing 26wt.% of total solid lubricants showed higher performance.

A method is proposed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a magnet release in molded case circuit breaker. With the static field assumption, two grids of the magnetic torque and flux linkage are calculated with the variation of the current and air gap, firstly. Considering the influence of tripping torque, coupled with circuit equation and mechanism motion equation, the dynamic characteristics may be obtained with Runge-Kutta 4 method. Experiments have been done to verify the method, and the difference between the calculated results and the experimental results is below 10%. In addition, the influence of the reaction spring on the protection characteristics is analyzed using this method. It demonstrates that the setting current varies with the initial angle and the stiffness of the reaction spring, and the variation with the initial angle of the reaction spring is closely linear but the stiffness nonlinear.

This paper describes a digital impedance controller (DIC) [1] for high-speed signal interface. The proposed DIC provides the wide range impedance control covering from 23 Ω to 140 Ω with 3.29% maximum quantization error. The maximum quantization error of the proposed DIC is 2.26% with RQ ranging from 23 Ω to 53 Ω, the same range covered by conventional scheme. The high resolution and wide range impedance control is implemented by using automatic gate voltage optimization. The amount of jitter caused by quantization error is 6.9 ps while 13.8 ps in conventional scheme. The data input valid window is 623 ps at 0.75200 mV and maximum eye open is 641 mV meaning about 10% improvement at 1.5 Gbps/pin DDR3 SRAM interface.

Carbon brushes for starters are used under severe conditions of high electric current density, high contact pressure and high sliding velocity. Lead has traditionally been added to carbon brushes to improve their performance and durability. Because lead is an environmentally hazardous substance, after January 2005 the EU will prohibit adding lead to carbon brushes for electric motors installed in vehicles. The purpose of our current study is to develop materials of lead-free carbon brushes for starters. Analyzing the effects of adding lead has shown that lead inhibits the brush resistance from increasing under high temperatures, or a combination of both high temperature and high humidity. This is because corrosion of lead precedes that of copper, which is one of the materials comprising the brush, and this prevents the copper from corroding. Moreover, lead functions as a solid lubricant and reduces brush wear. We developed the lead-free brush material, by adding soft metallic substances that corrode prior to copper and are also oxidation-resistant, as well as possessing low hardness and solid lubricant properties. The developed lead-free brush surpasses the conventional lead-added brush in durability and permanence.

This paper proposes an analysis and design methodology for the robust control of affine-in-control nonlinear systems subject to actuator saturation in discrete-time formulation. The robust stability condition is derived for the closed-loop system by the introduction of the fuzzy Kronecker delta. Based on the newly acquired stability condition, a design method is proposed to guarantee the robust H∞ performance. In the design, LMI-based pole placement is employed to use the freedom allowed in the selection of the controller. The validity of the proposed method is asserted by the computer simulation.

Footsteps, with different shoes of heels, sneakers, leathers or even bare footed, will appear in different grounds of concrete, wood, etc. If a footstep is discriminable, the application to various fields can be considered. In this paper, the feature extraction of a footstep is investigated. We focus on the recognizing a certain kind of footstep waveforms under the restricted condition. We propose a new methodology using the feature parameter such as the peak frequency set by the mel-cepstrum analysis, the walking intervals and the similarity of spectrum envelope. It is shown for personal identification that the performance of the proposed method is effective.

This paper presents a theoretical convergence analysis of a CORDIC-based adaptive ARMA lattice filter. In previous literatures, several investigation methods for adaptive lattice filters have been proposed; however, they are available only for AR-type filters. Therefore, we have developed a distinct technique that can reveal the convergence properties of the CORDIC ARMA lattice filter. The derived technique provides a quantitative convergence analysis, which facilitates an efficient hardware design for the filter. Moreover, our analysis technique can be applied to popular multiplier-based filters by slight modifications. Hence, the presented convergence analysis is significant as a leading attempt to investigate ARMA lattice filters.

The optimal design of complex infinite impulse response (IIR) two-channel quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks with equiripple frequency response is considered. The design problem is appropriately formulated to result in a simple optimization problem. Therefore, based on a variant of Karmarkar's algorithm, we can efficiently solve the optimization problem through a frequency sampling and iterative approximation method to find the complex coefficients for the IIR QMFs. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is to form an appropriate Chebyshev approximation of a desired response and then find its solution from a linear subspace in several iterations. Finally, simulation results are presented for illustration and comparison.

Radiation characteristics of various microstrip MIC passive elements are investigated in detail on the basis of accurate numerical analysis. For this purpose, the FD-TD method combined with the radiation mode theory is used. Summarized results are presented mainly from the viewpoint of making clear how radiation characteristics differ depending upon typical features of element structures and operating frequencies. Particularly important features of this paper are that not only radiation into the space region but also that in the substrate region is studied in detail for the first time. Suggestive remarks are given on positioning of active devices in MIC for avoiding interference from nearby elements.

Recently, Lin, Hwang, and Li proposed an efficient remote authentication scheme using smart cards for multi-server architecture based on the geometric property of the Euclidean plane. Herein, we show that their scheme is vulnerable to two forgery attacks and a password-guessing attack, and is not easily repairable. Furthermore, their scheme lacks a proper user eviction mechanism.

Since WLAN (wireless LAN) systems share the 2.4-GHz frequency band with microwave ovens, interference caused by radiated oven noise is a serious problem in practical WLAN application. To mitigate the oven noise interference in DS-SS (direct-sequence spread spectrum) WLAN systems, the use of adaptive filters is proposed. This method is based on the fact that oven noise behaves like CW (continuous wave) interference within a short duration. In contrast to previous reduction techniques for oven noise, this method can be implemented without changing any specifications of current WLAN systems. The results of numerical and experimental analyses clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of adaptive filters for improving the bit error rates of WLAN links subject to oven noise interference.

This paper depicts the future R&D direction and the importance of SoC (System-on-Chip) based on a forecast of the Consumer Electronics trend in the Digital Convergence Era. Real-life examples of Samsung Electronics in order to solidify the competitiveness of its set products are presented.