This paper presents a color demosaicing method by introducing iterative asymmetric average interpolation. Missing primary colors on a Bayer pattern color filter array (CFA) are estimated by an asymmetric average interpolation where less intensity variation is assumed to be of stronger significance, before sharpness of an initial estimate is further improved by an iterative procedure. The iteration is implemented by an observation process followed by a restoration process. The former is modeled by blurring followed by CFA sampling and the latter is completely as same as the color demosaicing method initially applied. Experimental results have shown a favorable performance in terms of PSNR and visual appearance, in particular, in sharpness recovery.

This paper describes a design of Ogg Vorbis decoder for embedded platform. Since Ogg Vorbis decoding process incurs high computational complexity, a trivial software-based implementation requires high operation frequency. Thus in our design specific hardware modules are devised for functional blocks, which have higher computational complexity than other blocks in Ogg Vorbis decoding process. Based on computational cost analysis of whole decoding process, IMDCT (Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform) and residue decoding process are detected as the computation-intensive functional blocks. As a result of hardware implementation, 73% improvement in CPU load is achieved by specific hardware modules for IMDCT and residue decoding process.

This paper proposes an efficient two-phase optimization approach for a compact W-band double-plane stepped rectangular waveguide filter design, which combines genetic algorithms (GAs) with the simplified transmission-line model and full-wave analysis. Being more efficient and robust than the gradient-based method, the approach can lead to a compact waveguide filter design. Numerical results show that the resultant waveguide filter design with 4 sections (total length 19.6 mm) is sufficient to meet the design goal and provides comparable performance to that with 8 sections (total length 35.6 mm) by the Chebyshev synthesis approach. Based on the present approach, nineteen compact high-pass waveguide filters have been implemented and measured at the W-band with satisfactory performance.

The demand for intra- and interdomain routing for multilayered networks such as those using generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) is strong. One of the features that is peculiar to GMPLS networks is that because several different domains, such as those of IP, ATM, and optical fiber, are combined with each other hierarchically, various routing policies, which are sometimes independent from underlying domains and sometimes taking the underlying domains' policies into consideration, are required. For example GMPLS's lower layer LSPs like lambda LSP are expected to be established independently before the upper-layer LSPs, like IP and MPLS LSPs, are established in the underlying domains. Another requirement for the GMPLS interdomain routing is lightening the burden for selecting the interdomain route, because there are a lot of demands to interconnect many GMPLS domains. In order to satisfy these demands, we propose a path computation server (PCS) that is special for the intra/interdomain routing of GMPLS networks. As a counterpart of the proposed interdomain routing, it is now becoming popular to apply OSPF to the GMPLS interdomain routing. Therefore, we compared the proposed interdomain routing with OSPF, and show the applicability of the routing to GMPLS networks.

An Insertion-Deletion system, first introduced in [1], is a theoretical computing model in the DNA computing framework based on insertion and deletion operations. When insertion and deletion operations work together, as expected, they are very powerful. In fact, it has been shown that even the very restricted Insertion-Deletion systems can characterize the class of recursively enumerable languages [1]-[4]. In this paper, we investigate the computational power of Insertion-Deletion systems and show that they preserve the computational universality without using contexts.

JPEG2000 image compression standard is designed to cater the needs of a large span of applications including numerous consumer products. However, its use is restricted due to the high hardware cost involved in its implementation. Bit Plane Coder (BPC) is the main resource intensive component of JPEG2000. Its throughput plays a key role in deciding the overall throughput of a JPEG2000 encoder. In this paper we present the algorithm and parallel pipelined VLSI architecture for BPC which processes a complete stripe-column concurrently during every pass. The hardware requirements and the critical path delay of the proposed technique are compared with the existing solutions. The experimental results show that the proposed architecture has 2.6 times greater throughput than existing architectures, with a comparatively small increase in hardware cost.

In this paper, dosimetry of an in vitro exposure apparatus based on a cylindrical waveguide is performed. The SAR distributions are first obtained numerically by using FDTD method. The thermal fields in the medium are then estimated by numerical calculations of the equation of heat conduction. The maximum temperature rise for 17.9 W/kg average SAR during 3000 s exposure is about 2 on the bottom of the medium where cells are located. The thermal distribution is relatively uniform near the center of the dish and the temperature in this region is around 38.7. The results of the numerical calculation are experimentally supported. The results provide the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of the exposure apparatus, which will define the exposure conditions of the planned experiments using this apparatus.

The emergence of intelligent and sophisticated attack techniques makes web services more vulnerable than ever which are becoming an important business tool in e-commerce. Many techniques have been proposed to remove the security vulnerabilities, yet have limitations. This paper proposes an adaptive mechanism for a web-server intrusion-tolerant system (WITS) to prevent unknown patterns of attacks by adapting known attack patterns. SYN flooding attacks and their adaptive defense mechanisms are simulated as a case study to evaluate the performance of the proposed adaptation mechanism.

The application of neural networks to the state-feedback guaranteed cost control problem of discrete-time system that has uncertainty in both state and input matrices is investigated. Based on the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) design, a class of a state feedback controller is newly established, and sufficient conditions for the existence of guaranteed cost controller are derived. The novel contribution is that the neurocontroller is substituted for the additive gain perturbations. It is newly shown that although the neurocontroller is included in the discrete-time uncertain system, the robust stability for the closed-loop system and the reduction of the cost are attained.

A novel application of fuzzy-neuro approach to protection of double circuit transmission line is demonstrated in this paper. Different system faults on a protected transmission line should be detected and classified rapidly and correctly. Using the proposed approach, fault detection, classification and faulted phase selection could be achieved within a quarter of cycle. Results of performance studies show that the proposed fuzzy-neuro-based module can improve the performance of conventional fault selection algorithms.

Data clustering is a technique for grouping similar data items together for convenient understanding. Conventional data clustering methods, including agglomerative hierarchical clustering and partitional clustering algorithms, frequently perform unsatisfactorily for large text collections, since the computation complexities of the conventional data clustering methods increase very quickly with the number of data items. Poor clustering results degrade intelligent applications such as event tracking and information extraction. This paper presents an unsupervised document clustering method which identifies topic keyword clusters of the text corpus. The proposed method adopts a multi-stage process. First, an aggressive data cleaning approach is employed to reduce the noise in the free text and further identify the topic keywords in the documents. All extracted keywords are then grouped into topic keyword clusters using the k-nearest neighbor approach and the keyword clustering technique. Finally, all documents in the corpus are clustered based on the topic keyword clusters. The proposed method is assessed against conventional data clustering methods on a web news corpus. The experimental results show that the proposed method is an efficient and effective clustering approach.

Change detection methods are used to detect changes between two frames in an image sequence. Fundamental techniques for detecting changes use a difference image between the two frames. The change of each pixel is detected if difference values exceed a pre-set threshold, which is determined on the basis of the estimated value of the variance of noises on the frames. Not only the noises on the frames but also illumination changes between the frames are critical problems for change detection. A recently proposed approach gives a threshold derived from the average of the difference image over areas which are estimated as non-change parts. However, such a threshold may not be appropriate since the approach uses no physical parameters such as light sources, the reflection of objects. This paper proposes a new change detection method based on a physical model, which describes physical parameters such as light sources and the reflection of objects, known as an illumination model. First, we show the derivation of a new threshold based on the illumination model. The threshold is derived from the angle of the light of sources, the gray level of background objects, and the normal-vector of the background objects. A new change detection algorithm using such a threshold is shown. Next, we show experimental results and comparison, in which the proposed method improves the accuracy of detection results, compared to change detection by using the conventional threshold. We also give discussion on the features of the proposed method.

Information transmission among biological neurons is carried out by a complex series of spike signals. The input inter-spike arrival times at a neuron are believed to carry information which the neurons utilize to carry out a task. In this paper, a new scheme which utilizes the input inter-spike intervals (ISI) for decoding an input spike train is proposed. A spike train consists of a sequence on input spikes with various inter-spike times. This decoding scheme can also be used for neurons which have multiple synaptic inputs but for which each synapse receives a single spike within one input time window. The ISI decoding neural network requires only a few neurons. Example applications show the usefulness of the decoding scheme.

This paper demonstrates a power supply noise reduction using on-board stubs. A quarter-length stub attached to the power supply line of an LSI chip works as a band-eliminate filter, and suppresses the power supply noise of the designed frequency. Preliminary experiments show that 87% of the designed frequency noise component is suppressed when stub patterns are written on a power supply area on a PCB board for a 1.25 GHz operating LSI. The results show the possibility of the stub on-chip integration when the operating frequency of LSIs becomes higher and the stub length becomes shorter.

We propose and demonstrate a new stacked packaging structure using silica-based planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) with integrated micro-mirrors. This structure enables us to integrate active devices on PLCs with certain flexibility as regards optical coupling design and device selection. To achieve this, we developed an integrated micro-mirror with an accurate reflection angle and shielding structures to prevent crosstalk, and successfully demonstrated an 8-channel photodiode array module with excellent characteristics consisting of a high responsivity of > 0.85 A/W and a low crosstalk of < -65 dB.

In this paper, we briefly describe a fast Jacket transform based on simple matrices factorization. The proposed algorithm needs fewer and simpler computations than that of the existing methods, which are RJ's [2], Lee's [7] and Yang's algorithm [8]. Therefore, it can be easily applied to develop the efficient fast algorithm for signal processing and data communications.

General exercise approaches are not convenient for some people in undertaking appropriate exercise due to the limited variety of present programs at existing exercise machines. Moreover, continuous support by one sports doctor is only available for a limited number of users. In this paper, therefore, we propose an Internet-based technical framework, which is designed on multi-tiered client/server architecture, for integrating and easily upgrading exercise programs. By applying the technical framework, a cycle ergometer health promotion system was developed for providing personally fitted. We also presented some facilities to assist sports doctors in quickly designing and remotely improving individual exercise protocols against cycle ergometer exercise based on a history database. Then we evaluated the Internet-based cycle ergometer system during two months of feasibility experiments for six elderly persons in terms of usability. As a result, the Internet-based cycle ergometer system was effective for continuously supporting the personal fitting procedure.

The author prepared new composition of Cu-Sn based composite materials containing lamellar solid lubricants, and measured their performance with focus on contact resistance and the coefficient of friction using a low-speed tribo-meter. Among three kinds of composite materials, the composite material containing 26wt.% of total solid lubricants was lower in both of contact resistance and the coefficient of friction and showed stable characteristics compared with those containing 25wt.% and 35wt.% respectively. The author analyzed the characteristics of these materials using several techniques including BSE image, element analysis through EPMA, and mapping analysis, and examined why the composite material containing 26wt.% of total solid lubricants showed higher performance.

This paper describes a digital impedance controller (DIC) [1] for high-speed signal interface. The proposed DIC provides the wide range impedance control covering from 23 Ω to 140 Ω with 3.29% maximum quantization error. The maximum quantization error of the proposed DIC is 2.26% with RQ ranging from 23 Ω to 53 Ω, the same range covered by conventional scheme. The high resolution and wide range impedance control is implemented by using automatic gate voltage optimization. The amount of jitter caused by quantization error is 6.9 ps while 13.8 ps in conventional scheme. The data input valid window is 623 ps at 0.75200 mV and maximum eye open is 641 mV meaning about 10% improvement at 1.5 Gbps/pin DDR3 SRAM interface.

This paper presents a systematic methodology for the system-level assessment of signal integrity and electromagnetic compatibility effects in high-speed communication and information systems. The proposed modeling strategy is illustrated via a case study consisting of a critical coupled net of a complex system. Three main methodologies are employed for the construction of accurate and efficient macromodels for each of the sub-structures typically found along the signal propagation paths, i.e. drivers/receivers, transmission-line interconnects, and interconnects with a complex 3D geometry such as vias and connectors. The resulting macromodels are cast in a common form, enabling the use of either SPICE-like circuit solvers or VHDL-AMS equation-based solvers for system-level EMC predictions.