The 4th harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser beam (266 nm) is applied to fabricate highly oriented Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ -SrTiO3-Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ multilayer structures. It has been shown that the emission temperature of a film surface will change during deposition, depending on deposition conditions, even though the heater temperature is constant. The change of substrate temperature is strongly correlated to film characteristics such as critical temperature, c-axis length, and resistivity. The insitu monitoring of the substrate temperature is useful for obtaining high-quality Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ films reproducibly. It is also shown that a SrTiO3 layer prevents oxygen restoration in a Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ underlayer. The relationship between oxygen deficiency and the annealing conditions is studied.

Precise direct mounting of laser diode (LD) and photodiode (PD) chips on silica planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) has been investigated for application to transceiver modules. To achieve submicron optical alignment, self-aligned index marks on the PLCs and LDs were directly detected by transmission infrared light. The repeatability of the positioning was measured to be within 0.125 µm. The output power of the resultant module was 0.2 mW at 80 mA. A waveguide-type PD was also mounted in the same way, and module sensitivity of 0.25 A/W was demonstrated.

We proposed a new marker design for passive alignment of a laser to a fiber on a silicon waferboard. Our fiducial marker is simple form and easy to fabricate. With a unique marker design, high accurate positioning of the laser chip is easily achieved using a conventional flip-chip bonder. We have successfully fabricated laser modules with uniform coupling, within 1 dB for a flat end single-mode fiber and within 2 dB for a hemispherical end fiber. This assembly method offers the potential for low-cost optical module packaging.

The Michelson-interferometer (MI) optical resonator has been applied, together with physical interests, to a low pressure and slow-flow type CO2 laser for specifying the system to a probe laser source. The fundamental characteristics online-selection, oscillation power and transverse mode are also investigated in comparison to the CO2 laser obtained for various resonators such as an open-ended reflective-multiple interferometer (RMI), an open-sided MI, a Fox-Smith interferometer and soon. Consequently, it is confirmedthat the MI type laser proposed can be one of the promising scheme, without losing oscillation power much and transverse mode quality as a probe laser towards lineshape (or laser) parameter analysis. Translating one of the MI mirror by a slight distance on the order of a micron meter along the gain axis, we can not only switch either a single rotational-vibrational line or combination of multiple lines, but also obtain different combination of lines by translating a large amount of the translation distance of the order of 100 µm. Moreover, elimination of one of the side-mirrors in the MI resonator enables us to switch the oscillation lines at the expense of some output power.

We have investigated the gain and noise figure characteristics of a Nd-doped silica single-mode fiber amplifier (NDFA) at 1.06 µm which is applicable to various systems using a Nd: YAG laser light source at 1.06 µm, such as free-space laser communications, a fiber sensing system, and a lidar system. A fluorescence spectrum observation of the Nd-doped fibers with various co-dopants shows that the Nd-A1 co-doped fiber is suitable for realizing a high-gain amplifier for the 1.06-µm wavelength region. The pump wavelength tolerance at around 0.81 µm , the gain bandwidth and the sufficient value of the Nd concentration and length product for achieving maximum small signal gain are clarified. A noise figure of almost 3 dB and small signal gain of more than 30 dB are attained by 50-mW pump power. The unique four-level system characteristics, even in low pumppower conditions, provide low noise amplification in the NDFA. These gain and noise characteristics are well described by a simple theoretical model. We also demonstrated high-power operation of the NDFA with four pump LD modules adoptinga polarization-multiplexing technique. More than 100-mW signal output power is available for 1-mW signal input power at 200mW launched pump power. These features of the NDFA as a compact, polarization-independent, spatial-beam -distortion-free amplifier, will allow it to replace the solid sate laser in various applications using a Nd: YAG laser light source at 1.06µm.

With increases in the speed of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits, the importance of internal testing with sufficient temporal resolution has been growing. This paper describes recently established electro-optic testing technologies based on pulse lasers and electro-optic crystal probes. Practicability, limitation and future issues are discussed.

We have proposed a multiplexed fiber-optic sensor system using an optical loop with a frequency shifter. The measured output power spectrum of the system has shown that the multiprexed signals superimpose upon a noise pedestal which is like a series of hill peaks. In this paper, the output power spectrum is theoretically analyzed from the output intensity autocor-relation function. It displays that the noise pedestal originates from the laser phase-induced intensity noise. The noise level depends on the coherence time of the laser source. The positions of peaks are decided by the working frequency of the frequency shifter in the optical loop. The sensitivity of the system are related to the bandwidth B, the coherence time Tc, the sensor number n to be multiplexed, the loop loss α, and the fiber coupler parameters. Properly choosing these parameters is beneficial to improve the sensitivity of system.

As an optically controlled array antenna, a "two-laser type" using two laser diodes whose frequency difference is set to the desired microwave frequency has been proposed. In this paper, we confirm experimentally that the beamforming network of the two-laser type array antenna has very broadband characteristics by measuring the amplitude and phase of microwave signals at 1.5 GHz, 10 GHz and 20 GHz. Using the optically controlled beam forming network, the radiation pattern of a 4-element linear array antenna was measured at 1.5 GHz.

Data reduction method for the earth-satellite-earth laser long-path absorption measurements of atmospheric trace species using the Retroreflector in Space (RIS) on the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) is described. In the RIS experiment, atmospheric absorption will be measured with single-longitudinal-mode pulsed CO2 lasers and their second and third harmonics. High-resolution absorption spectra are measured by using the Doppler shift of the return beam which is caused by the satellite movement. Vertical profiles of O3 and CH4 are retrieved from the measured absorption line shapes with the inversion method. Also, column contents of CFC12, HNO3, CO2, CO, N2O are derived by the least squares method with assumptions on the relative vertical profiles. Errors in the measurement were evaluated by computer simulation.

We have developed a neutron imaging system based on the penumbral imaging technique. The system consists of a penumbral aperture and a sensitive neutron detector. The aperture was made from a thick (6 cm) tungsten block with a toroidal taper. It can effectively block 14-MeV neutrons and provide a satisfactory sharp, isoplanatic (space-invariant) point spread function (PSF). A two-dimensional scintillator array, which is coupled with a gated two-stage image intensifier system and a CCD camera, was used as a sensitive neutron detector. It can record the neutron image with high sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio. The reconstruction was performed with a Wiener filter. The spatial resolution of the reconstructed neutron image was estimated to be 31 µm by computer simulation. Experimental demonstration has been achieved by imaging 14-MeV deuterium-tritium neutrons emitted from a laser-imploded target.

The growth characteristics of a two-dimensional Cherenkov laser composed of a planar relativistic electron beam and a parallel plate waveguide one plate of which is loaded with a nonlinear dielectric sheet are analyzed. The permittivity of the nonlinear dielectric sheet becomes inhomogeneous due to the Kerr effect as the electromagnetic wave grows along the waveguide. For the analysis of the electromagnetic fields in the nonlinear dielectric sheet, it is replaced by a number of thin dielectric layers each of which is assumed to be homogeneous. From numerical analysis, it is found that just a few homogeneous layers for the nonlinear dielectric sheet are enough to get the same results as obtained previously by means of the finite element method. This is because the variation of the permittivity across the nonlinear dielectric sheet is as small as within 10% of the linear permittivity of the nonlinear material. Thus the multilayer approximation method is found to be more simple and more efficient for the analysis of the Cherenkov laser loaded with a Kerr-like medium than the finite element method.

A GaAs defferential oscillator IC with on-chip LC resonator has been developed for suppressing the relative intensity noise (RIN) of a laser diode. The relationship between the Q-factor and minimum supply voltage for oscillation is fully described. In view of reducing the present LC resonator, we made use of BST (Barium Strontium Titanate) capacitor to make the resonator without increasing the chip area. The oscillation frequency is stable since it's determined by the geometry of the resonator. The experimentally fabricated oscillator IC achieved the output power of 12 dBm at the frequency of 600 MHz with voltage/current conditions of 2 V/20 mA. The present IC keeps quite stable RIN value less than -138 dB/Hz under the light-feedback condition up to 10%.

Mesa structures have been investigated to optimize a buried-heterostructure (BH) for a GaInAsP/InP surface-emitting (SE) laser regrown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and it has been found that a square mesa top pattern of which the sides are at an angle of 45 to the 011 orientation is suitable. A 1.3-µm GaInAsP/InP square buried heterostructure (SBH) SE laser with this mesa structure has been demonstrated and low-threshold CW oscillation (threshold current Ith=0.45 mA) at 77 K and low-threshold room-temperature pulsed oscillation (Ith=12 mA) have been obtained.

The intermodulation distortion (IMD) due to laser diode (LD) nonlinearity of an asynchronous direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system in optical transmission is analyzed. A third-order polynomial without memory is used to present LD nonlinearity. In DS/CDMA systems, only one harmonic of the third-order inter-modulation term falls on the signal frequency band and influences the system performance. The average distortion is derived with only the information of autocorrelation functions. The results are useful for CDMA system design and performance analysis. With LD nonlinearity it is necessary to select an optimal modulation index that provides a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The analytical method is applicable to other general nonlinearities in CDMA systems.

Long-wavelength 1.3 µm GaInAsP/InP vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been demonstrated in an array configuration. With the strong current confinement by a buried heterostructure and the efficient optical feedback by a dielectric cavity, five VCSEL elements in a 24 array operated at room temperature with 5 mW total power output and wavelength error within 5%. The stacked planar optics including the VCSEL array is a promising optical transmitter in ultra large scale parallel optical communication systems.

Laser diodes for optical interconnections are ideally high speed, work over a wide temperature range, and are simple to bias. This paper reports high bit-rate modulation with nearly zero bias with very low threshold 1.3µm-wavelength laser diodes over a wide temperature range. At the high temperature of 80, lasing delay was 165 ps with nearly zero bias. We demonstrated 2.5 Gbit/s modulation over a wide temperature range. Eye opening was over 34% of one time slot.

FM laser operation of a Ti:sapphire laser is studied experimentally for the first time with an internal phase modulator. We obtained extremely wide FM sidebands of 8 THz width whose phase modulation index was 25,000 rad at a modulation frequency of 160 MHz.

Self-modelocking of Ti:sapphire laser has obtained with less than 2 W of argon-ion laser pumping. Two independent lasers with 36 fsec and 63 fsec in pulse duration were operated by a 6 W pump laser. In the low-threshold lasers, not only an ordinary mode-locking but also a double-pulse mode-locking, where two pulses circulating in the cavity, was stable.

We describe an application of InGaAs/AlGaAs VCSELs to multiple wavelength light source for optical interconnection. A flip-chip bonding technique is used to integrate the VCSELs lasing at different wavelengths. The integrated VCSELs of different wavelengths are individually grown and processed, so that one can optimize the device characteristics and the wavelength separation or distribution for multiple wavelength interconnection systems. A 9-wavelength VCSEL array with a wavelength separation of 5 nm has been successfully fabricated.

Coupling optics for a monolithic array LD module has been developed. High efficient and small sized confocal optics with aspheric lenses based on hyperbolic surfaces has been designed to achieve the uniformity of coupling loss. A small sized (7.2 cc) 4 channel array LD module with this optics was fabricated. This module has low (4.2 dB) and uniform (0.5 dB) coupling loss.