We evaluated the energy efficiency per 1-bit transmission of an optical light source on InP substrate to achieve optical interconnection. A semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) assisted extended reach EADFB laser (AXEL) was utilized as the optical light source to enhance the energy efficiency compared to the conventional electro-absorption modulator integrated with a DFB laser (EML). The AXEL has frequency bandwidth extendibility for operation of over 100Gbit/s, which is difficult when using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) without an equalizer. By designing the AXEL for low power consumption, we were able to achieve 64-Gbit/s, 1.0pJ/bit and 128-Gbit/s, 1.5pJ/bit operation at 50°C with the transmitter dispersion and eye closure quaternary of 1.1dB.

We propose a novel mode-multiplexed light source using angularly-multiplexed volume holograms. Mode division multiplexing beams can be generated from a simple transmitter that is made of a laser array, single lens, and volume holograms. Hologram media has low recording sensitivity; hence, using holograms in the communication band is difficult. However, a dual wavelength method that uses different wavelengths for recording and reading holograms can realize the volume holograms for the infrared region. The volume holograms for three spatial mode multiplexing are formed using a compact Michelson interferometer type recording setup; simultaneous generations of three modes were demonstrated using a fiber array or vertical cavity surface emitting laser array with the volume holograms. A low loss coupling of three modes to few-mode-fiber can be achieved through the precise design and recording of volume holograms. The simple and low-cost mode-multiplexed light source using the volume holograms has the potential to broaden the application of MDM.

We have designed a near-infrared wavelength Si/CaF2 DFB quantum cascade laser and investigated the possibility of single-mode laser oscillation by analysis of the propagation mode, gain, scattering time of Si quantum well, and threshold current density. As the waveguide and resonator, a slab-type waveguide structure with a Si/CaF2 active layer sandwiched by SiO2 on a Si (111) substrate and a grating structure in an n-Si conducting layer were assumed. From the results of optical propagation mode analysis, by assuming a λ/4-shifted bragg waveguide structure, it was found that the single vertical and horizontal TM mode propagation is possible at the designed wavelength of 1.70µm. In addition, a design of the active layer is proposed and its current injection capability is roughly estimated to be 25.1kA/cm2, which is larger than required threshold current density of 1.4kA/cm2 calculated by combining analysis results of the scattering time, population inversion, gain of quantum cascade lasers, and coupling theory of a Bragg waveguide. The results strongly indicate the possibility of single-mode laser oscillation.

The acquisition of distant sound has always been a hot research topic. Since sound is caused by vibration, one of the best methods for measuring distant sound is to use a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). This laser has high directivity, that enables it to acquire sound from far away, which is of great practical use for disaster relief and other situations. However, due to the vibration characteristics of the irradiated object itself and the reflectivity of its surface (or other reasons), the acquired sound is often lacking frequency components in certain frequency bands and is mixed with obvious noise. Therefore, when using LDV to acquire distant speech, if we want to recognize the actual content of the speech, it is necessary to enhance the acquired speech signal in some way. Conventional speech enhancement methods are not generally applicable due to the various types of degradation in observed speech. Moreover, while several speech enhancement methods for LDV have been proposed, they are only effective when the irradiated object is known. In this paper, we present a speech enhancement method for LDV that can deal with unknown irradiated objects. The proposed method is composed of noise reduction, pitch detection, power spectrum envelope estimation, power spectrum reconstruction, and phase estimation. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for enhancing the acquired speech with unknown irradiated objects.

We have proposed integrated waveguide structure suitable for mid- and near- infrared light propagation using Si and CaF2 heterostructures on Si substrate. Using a fabrication process based on etching, lithography and crystal growth techniques, we have formed a slab-waveguide structure with a current injection mechanism on a SOI substrate, which would be a key component for Si/CaF2 quantum cascade lasers and other optical integrated systems. The propagation of light at a wavelength of 1.55 µm through a Si/CaF2 waveguide structure have been demonstrated for the first time using a structure with a Si/CaF2 multilayered core with 610-nm-thick, waveguide width of 970 nm, which satisfies single-mode condition in the horizontal direction within a tolerance of fabrication accuracy. The waveguide loss for transverse magnetic (TM) mode has been evaluated to be 51.4 cm-1. The cause of the loss was discussed by estimating the edge roughness scattering and free carrier absorption, which suggests further reduction of the loss would be possible.

Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDVs) enable the acquisition of remote speech signals by measuring small-scale vibrations around a target. They are now widely used in the fields of information acquisition and national security. However, in remote speech detection, the coherent measurement signal is subject to environmental noise, making detecting and reconstructing speech signals challenging. To improve the detection distance and speech quality, this paper proposes a highly accurate real-time speech measurement method that can reconstruct speech from noisy coherent signals. First, the I/Q demodulation and arctangent phase discrimination are used to extract the phase transformation caused by the acoustic vibration from coherent signals. Then, an innovative smoothness criterion and a novel phase difference-based dynamic bilateral compensation phase unwrapping algorithm are used to remove any ambiguity caused by the arctangent phase discrimination in the previous step. This important innovation results in the highly accurate detection of phase jumps. After this, a further innovation is used to enhance the reconstructed speech by applying an improved waveform-based linear prediction coding method, together with adaptive spectral subtraction. This removes any impulsive or background noise. The accuracy and performance of the proposed method were validated by conducting extensive simulations and comparisons with existing techniques. The results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the measurement of speech and the quality of reconstructed speech signals. The viability of the method was further assessed by undertaking a physical experiment, where LDV equipment was used to measure speech at a distance of 310m in an outdoor environment. The intelligibility rate for the reconstructed speech exceeded 95%, confirming the effectiveness and superiority of the method for long-distance laser speech measurement.

Image resolution under the effect of color speckle was successfully measured for a raster-scan mobile projector, using the modified contrast modulation method. This method was based on the eye-diagram analysis for distinguishing the binary image signals, black-and-white line pairs. The image resolution and the related metrics, illuminance, chromaticity, and speckle contrast were measured at the nine regions on the full-frame area projected on a standard diffusive reflectance screen. The nonuniformity data over the nine regions were discussed and analyzed.

Liquid crystal (LC) device has high tunability with low power consumption and it is important not only in visible region but also in terahertz region. In this study, birefringence and absorption losses of hydrogen-bonded LC was estimated at 2.5 THz. Our results indicate that introduction of alkoxy chain to hydrogen-bonded LC is effective to increase birefringence in terahertz region. These results indicate that hydrogen-bonded LCs are a strong candidate for future terahertz devices because of their excellent properties in the terahertz region.

Copper sulfide nanoparticles were successfully prepared by laser ablation in liquid. CuS powders in deionized water were irradiated with nanosecond-pulsed laser (Nd:YAG, SHG) to prepare nanoparticles. Prepared nanoparticles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorospectrometer. According to the results of SEM and DLS, the primary and secondary particle size was decreased with the increase in laser fluence of laser ablation in liquid. The ratio of Cu and S of prepared nanoparticles were not changed. The absorbance of prepared copper sulfide nanoparticles in water was increased with the increase in laser fluence.

Laser speech detection uses a non-contact Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV)-based acoustic sensor to obtain speech signals by precisely measuring voice-generated surface vibrations. Over long distances, however, the detected signal is very weak and full of speckle noise. To enhance the quality and intelligibility of the detected signal, we designed a two-sided Linear Prediction Coding (LPC)-based locator and interpolator to detect and replace speckle noise. We first studied the characteristics of speckle noise in detected signals and developed a binary-state statistical model for speckle noise generation. A two-sided LPC-based locator was then designed to locate the polluted samples, composed of an inverse decorrelator, nonlinear filter and threshold estimator. This greatly improves the detectability of speckle noise and avoids false/missed detection by improving the noise-to-signal-ratio (NSR). Finally, samples from both sides of the speckle noise were used to estimate the parameters of the interpolator and to code samples for replacing the polluted samples. Real-world speckle noise removal experiments and simulation-based comparative experiments were conducted and the results show that the proposed method is better able to locate speckle noise in laser detected speech and highly effective at replacing it.

We investigate the potential of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) to realize high quality and high-power transmission. We utilize the PCF with a quasi-uniform air-hole structure, and numerically clarify that the quasi-uniform PCF can realize the effective area (Aeff) of about 500µm2 with bending loss comparable with that of a conventional single-mode fiber for telecom use by considering the quasi single-mode transmission. We then apply the quasi-uniform PCF to kW-class high-power beam delivery for the single-mode laser processing. The cross-sectional design of the PCF with the high-power delivery potential of more than 300kW·m is numerically and experimentally revealed. A 10kW single-mode beam at 1070nm is successfully delivered over a 30m-long optical fiber cable containing a fabricated PCF with single-mode class beam quality of M2 =1.7 for the first time.

To develop countermeasures against fault attacks, it is important to model an attacker's ability. The instruction skip model is a well-studied practical model for fault attacks on software. Contrastingly, few studies have investigated the instruction replacement model, which is a generalization of the instruction skip model, because replacing an instruction with a desired one is considered difficult. Some previous studies have reported successful instruction replacements; however, those studies concluded that such instruction replacements are not practical attacks because the outcomes of the replacements are uncontrollable. This paper proposes the concept of a controllable instruction replacement technique that uses the laser irradiation of flash memory. The feasibility of the proposed technique is demonstrated experimentally using a smartcard-type ARM SC100 microcontroller. Then, practical cryptosystem attacks that exploit the proposed technique are investigated. The targeted cryptosystems employ the AES with software-based anti-fault countermeasures. We demonstrate that an existing anti-instruction-skip countermeasure can be circumvented by replacing a critical instruction, e.g., a branch instruction to detect fault occurrence.

The consistent alignment of point clouds obtained from multiple scanning positions is a crucial step for many 3D modeling systems. This is especially true for environment modeling. In order to observe the full scene, a common approach is to rotate the scanning device around a rotation axis using a turntable. The final alignment of each frame data can be computed from the position and orientation of the rotation axis. However, in practice, the precise mounting of scanning devices is impossible. It is hard to locate the vertical support of the turntable and rotation axis on a common line, particularly for lower cost consumer hardware. Therefore the calibration of the rotation axis of the turntable is an important step for the 3D reconstruction. In this paper we propose a novel calibration method for the rotation axis of the turntable. With the proposed rotation axis calibration method, multiple 3D profiles of the target scene can be aligned precisely. In the experiments, three different evaluation approaches are used to evaluate the calibration accuracy of the rotation axis. The experimental results show that the proposed rotation axis calibration method can achieve a high accuracy.

We developed a high-frequency and integrated design based on a flip-chip interconnection technique (Hi-FIT) as a wire-free interconnection technique that provides a high modulation bandwidth. The Hi-FIT can be applied to various high-speed (>100 Gbaud) optical devices. The Hi-FIT EA-DFB laser module has a 3-dB bandwidth of 59 GHz. And with a 4-intensity-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) operation at 107 Gbaud, we obtained a bit-error rate (BER) of less than 3.8×10-3, which is an error-free condition, by using a 7%-overhead (OH) hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) code, even after a 10-km SMF transmission. The 3-dB bandwidth of the Hi-FIT employing an InP-MZM sub-assembly was more than 67 GHz, which was the limit of our measuring instrument. We also demonstrated a 120-Gbaud rate IQ modulation.

In this work, we have successfully patterned OLED glass substrates with a novel Yb-doped femtosecond laser. Such patterns can simultaneously increase the outcoupling efficiency up to 24.4%, as a result of reducing substrate waveguided light by scattering at the substrate/air interface and reduce the viewing angle dependence of the electroluminescent spectra.

A hexagonal waveguide branch line coupler suitable for additive manufacturing is proposed in this study, and its design method is elucidated. The additive manufactured Ka-band coupler exhibits characteristics similar to those of a machined coupler, but its weight and cost are reduced by 40% and 60%, respectively. Its effectiveness is also confirmed in this study.

In order to obtain road information, we propose an information acquisition method using infrared laser radar by detecting 3D reflector code on roadside. The infrared laser radar on vehicle scans the 3D reflector code on guardrail. Through experiments, we show that the proposed method is able to obtain road information by detecting 3D reflector code on guardrail.

We discuss our recent progress in photonic crystal nanocavity quantum dot lasers. We show how enhanced light matter interactions in the nanocavity lead to diverse and fascinating lasing phenomena that are in general inaccessible by conventional bulky semiconductor lasers. First, we demonstrate thresholdless lasing, in which any clear kink in the output laser curve does not appear. This is a result of near unity coupling of spontaneous emission into the lasing cavity mode, enabled by the strong Purcell effect supported in the nanocavity. Then, we discuss self-frequency conversion nanolasers, in which both near infrared lasing oscillation and nonlinear optical frequency conversion to visible light are simultaneously supported in the individual nanocavity. Owing to the tight optical confinement both in time and space, a high normalized conversion efficiency over a few hundred %/W is demonstrated. We also show that the intracavity nonlinear frequency conversion can be utilized to measure the statistics of the intracavity photons. These novel phenomena will be useful for developing various nano-optoelectronic devices with advanced functionalities.

Frequency chirp of a semiconductor laser is controlled by using hybrid modulation, which simultaneously modulates intra-cavity loss and injection current to the laser. The positive adiabatic chirp of injection-current modulation is compensated with the negative adiabatic chirp created by intra-cavity-loss modulation, which enhances the chromatic-dispersion tolerance of the laser. A proof-of-concept transmission experiment confirmed that the hybrid modulation laser has a larger dispersion tolerance than conventional directly modulated lasers due to the negative frequency chirp originating from intra-cavity-loss modulation.

A lens-integrated surface-emitting DFB laser and its application to low-cost single-mode optical sub-assemblies (OSAs) are discussed. By using the LISEL, high-efficient optical coupling with reduced number of optical components and non-hermetic packaging are demonstrated. Designing the integrated lens of LISELs makes it possible to achieve passive alignment optical coupling to an SMF without the need for an additional lens. For SiP coupling, the light-emission angle from the LISEL can be controlled by the mirror angle and by displacing the lens. The capability for a low coupling loss of 3.9 dB between the LISEL and a grating coupler on the SiP platform was demonstrated. The LISEL with facet-free structure, integrating DBR mirror, PD, and window structure on its end facet, showed the same lasing performance as the conventional laser with AR facet coating. A storage test (200-hour saturated pressure-cooker test (PCT) at 138°C and 85% RH.) showed that the lasing characteristics did not degrade with high-humidity, demonstrating the potential for applying non-hermetic packaging. Our results indicate that the LISEL is one of the promising light sources for creating cost-effective OSAs.