We show that, if NP language L has an invulnerable generator and if L has an honest verifier standard statistical ZKIP, then L has a 5 move statistical ZKIP. Our class of languages involves random self reducible languages because they have standard perfect ZKIPs. We show another class of languages (class K) which have standard perfect ZKIPs. Blum numbers and a set of graphs with odd automorphism belong to this class. Therefore, languages in class K have 5 move statistical ZKIPs if they have invulnerable generators.

Breakdown fields and the charges to breakdown (QBD) of oxides increased after UV/Cl2 pre-oxidation cleaning. This is due to decreased residual metal contaminants on silicon surfaces in the bottom of the LOCOS region after wet cleaning. Treatment in NH4OH, H2O2 and H2O prior to UV/Cl2 cleaning suppressed increases in surface roughness and kept leakage currents through the oxides after UV/Cl2 cleaning as low as those after wet cleaning alone. The large junction leakage currents--caused by metal contaminants introduced during dry etching--decreased after UV/Cl2 cleaning which removes the contaminated layer.

A new direct projection patterning technique of aluminum using synchrotron radiation (SR) is proposed. It is based on the thermal reaction control effect of SR excitation. In the case of the Si surface, pure thermal growth is possible at 200, however, this growth is suppressed perfectly by SR irradiation. On the other hand, Al growth on the SiO2 surface is impossible at the same temperature thermally, however, SR has an effect to initiate thermal reaction. Both new effects of SR, suppression and initiation, are clarified to be caused by atomic order level thin layers formed from CVD gases by SR excitation on the surfaces. By using these effects, the direct inverse and normal projection patterning of Al are successfully demonstrated.

This paper was written for LSI engineers in order to demonstrate the effect of optical interconnections in LSIs to improve both the speed and power performances of 0.5 and 0.2 µm CMOS microprocessors. The feasibilities and problems regarding new micronsize optoelectronic devices as well as associated electronics are discussed. Actual circuit structures clocks and bus lines used for optical interconnection are discussed. Newly designed optical interconnections and the speed power performances are compared with those of the original electrical interconnection systems.

The diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a parallel-plate waveguide cavity with a thick planar termination is rigorously analyzed for both the E and the H polarization using the Wiener-Hopf technique. Introducing the Fourier transform for the unknown scattered field and applying boundary conditions in the transform domain, the problem is formulated in terms of the simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations, which are solved exactly in a formal sense via the factorization and decomposition procedure. Since the formal solution involves an infinite number of unknowns and branch-cut integrals with unknown integrands, approximation procedures based on rigorous asymptotics are further presented to yield the approximate solution convenient for numerical computations. The scattered field inside and outside the cavity is evaluated by taking the inverse Fourier transform and applying the saddle point method. Representative numerical examples of the monostatic and bistatic radar cross sections are presented for various physical parameters, and the scattering characteristics of the cavity are discussed in detail.

We studied the manner of clarification and verification in real dialogs and developed a spoken dialog system that can cope with the disambiguation of meanings of user input utterances. We analyzed content, query types and responses of human clarification queries. In human-human communications, ten percent of all sentences are concerned with meaning clarification. Therefore, in human-machine communications, we believe it is important that the machine verifies ambiguities occurring in dialog processing. We propose an architecture for a dialog system with this capability. Also, we have investigated the source of ambiguities in dialog processing and methods of dialog clarification for each part of the dialog system.

This paper discusses the problems facing spoken dialogue processing and the prospects for future improvements. Research on elemental topics like speech recognition, speech synthesis and language understanding has led to improvements in the accuracy and sophistication of each area of study. First, in order to handle a spoken dialogue, we show the necessity for information exchanges between each area of processing as seen through the analysis of spoken dialogue characteristics. Second, we discuss how to integrate those processes and show that the memory-basad approach to spontaneous speech interpretation offers a solution to the problem of process integration. The key to this is setting up a mental state affected by both speech and linguistic information. Finally, we discuss how those mental states are structured and a method for constructing them.

The term telecommunications is derived from "tele", meaning at a distance, and "communications", meaning exchanging of information. The history of electronic communications has thus far been applied to the exchange of spoken, visual, and or textual information between pairs of people, pairs of machines, and people and machines. The role of telecommunications has been to provide a medium for the exchange of the information, with the burden placed on the communicating people or machines to initiate the communication and to interpret or process the information being exchanged. In this paper we attempt to predict some future trends in telecommunications, reaching into the next century. Such predictions are inevitably incomplete, inaccurate, or both. Nevertheless, it is a useful exercise to try to anticipate these trends, and more importanly the issues and problems that will arise in the future, as a way of focusing near-term research efforts and suggesting opportunities. One of our hypotheses about the future is that telecommunications networks will become much more active in initiating, controlling, and participating in the exchange of information. Our approach will be to first review some particularly important past developments, and then to try to predict the future in two ways: First, by extrapolating present trends and activities, and second, by criticizing current trends and anticipating problems looming on the horizon.

This paper describes the linguistic procedure of our speech dialogue system. The procedure is composed of two processes, syntactic analysis using a finite state network, and discourse analysis using a plan recognition model. The finite state network is compiled from regular grammar. The regular grammar is described in order to accept sentences with various styles, for example ellipsis and inversion. The regular grammar is automatically generated from the skeleton of the grammar. The discourse analysis module understands the utterance, generates the next question for users and also predicts words which will be in the next utterance. For an extension number guidance task, we obtained correct recognition results for 93% of input sentences without word prediction and for 98% if prediction results include proper words.

This paper describes a general interface system for speech input and output and a dialog management system, MASCOTS, which is a component of the interface system. The authors designed this interface system, paying attention to its generality; that is, it is not dependent on the problem-solving system it is connected to. The previous version of MASCOTS dealt with the dialog processing only for the speech input based on the SR-plans. We extend MASCOTS to cover the speech output to the user. The revised version of MASCOTS, named MASCOTS II, makes use of topic information given by the topic packet network (TPN) which models the topic transitions in dialogs. Input and output messages are described with the concept representation based on the case structure. For the speech input, prediction of user's utterance is focused and enhanced by using the TPN. The TPN compensates for the shortages of the SR-plan and improves the accuracy of prediction as to stimulus utterances of the user. As the dialog processing in the speech output, MASCOTS II extracts emphatic words and restores missing words to the output message if necessary, e.g., in order to notify the results of speech recognition. The basic mechanisms of the SR-plan and the TPN are shared between the speech input and output processes in MASCOTS II.

In this paper, we investigate the discrepancy between a serial version and a parallel version of zero-knowledge protocols, and clarify the information "leaked" in the parallel version, which is not zero-knowledge unlike the case of the serial version. We consider two sides: one negative and the other positive in the parallel version of zero-knowledge protocols, especially of the Fiat-Shamir scheme.

A system is constructed for the processing of question-answer dialogue as a subsystem of the speech response device. In order to increase the adaptability to dialogue topics, rules for dialogue processing are classified into three groups; universal rules, topic-dependent rules and task-dependent rules, and example-based description is adopted for the second group. The system is disigned to operate only with information on the content words of the user input. As for speech synthesis, a function is included in the system to control the focal position. Introduction and guidance of ski areas are adopted as the dialogue domain, and a prototype system is realized on a computer. The dialogue example performed with the prototype indicates the propriety of our method for dialogue processing.

This paper presents a new concept in cryptography called the sibling intractable function family (SIFF) which has the property that given a set of initial strings colliding with one another, it is computationally infeasible to find another string that would collide with the initial strings. The various concepts behind SIFF are presented together with a construction of SIFF from any one-way function. Applications of SIFF to many practical problems are also discussed. These include the hierarchical access control problem which is a long-standing open problem induced by a paper of Akl and Taylor about ten years ago, the shared mail box problem, access control in distributed systems and the multiple message authentication problem.

In this paper, we investigate the round complexity of zero-knowledge interactive proof systems of possession of knowledge, and mainly show that if a relation R has a three move blackbox simulation zero-knowledge interactive proof system of possession of knowledge, then there exists a probabilistic polynomial time algorithm that on input x{0,1}*, outputs y such that (x,y)R with overwhelming probability if xdom R, and outputs "" with probability 1 if x dom R. The result above can not be generalized to zero-knowledge interactive proof systems of possession of knowledge with more than four moves, because it is known that there exists a "four" move blackbox simulation perfect zero-knowledge interactive proof system of possession of knowledge for a nontrivial relation R.

In this paper, a new scheme for ohrase recognition in conversational speech is proposed, in which prosodic and phonemic information processing are usefully combined. This approach is employed both to produce candidates of phrase boundaries and to discriminate phonemes. The fundamental frequency patterns of continuous utterances are statistically analyzed and the likelihood of the occurrence of a phrase boundary is calculated for every frame. At the same time, the likelihood of phonemic characteristics of each frame can be obtained using a hierarchical clustering method. These two scores, along with lexical and grammatical constraints, can be effectively utilized to develop a possible word sequences or a word lattices which correspond to the continuous speech utterances. Our preliminary experjment shows the feasibility of applying prosody for continuous speech recognition especially for conversational style utterances.

In the paper entitled "The effect of varying routing probability in two parallel queues with dynamic routing under a threshold-type scheduling", Kojima et al. derive an expression in the form of a product of powers for the state probabilities of a threshold-type shortest queue problem. In this note it is demonstrated that this expression is essentially more complicated and has the form of an infinite sum of products of powers. In fact, Kojima et al. find the first term in this infinite sum only.

The basic operation in elliptic cryptosystems is the computation of a multiple dP of a point P on the elliptic curve modulo n. We propose a fast and systematic method of reducing the number of operations over elliptic curves. The proposed method is based on pre-computation to generate an adequate addition-subtraction chain for multiplier the d. By increasing the average length of zero runs in a signed binary representation of d, we can speed up the window method. Formulating the time complexity of the proposed method makes clear that the proposed method is faster than other methods. For example, for d with length 512 bits, the proposed method requires 602.6 multiplications on average. Finally, we point out that each addition/subtraction over the elliptic curve using homogeneous coordinates can be done in 3 multiplications if parallel processing is allowed.

New illumination principle for photolithography is investigated. As the optical microlithography approaches its own limit, it becomes apparent that the simple extrapolation of the present technology is not sufficient for the future demands. This paper introduces the new imaging technology that overcomes such a boundary. First, the basic imaging formulae are analyzed and the illumination light is classified into 4 cases. 3-beam case and 2-beam case carry the object information, and the comparison of these 2 cases is carried out theoretically. It can be shown that the 2-beam case has greater depth of focus than that of the 3-beam case, though it has inferior contrast at the best focus. Since this degradation, however, has little effect, the enlargement of the depth of focus can be achieved. In reality, 2-dimensional imaging must be considered. Quadrupole effect can be deduced by the results of the analysis. It shows great improvement in the depth of focus near resolution limit. As it can be applied to the conventional masks, it can be a promising candidate for fhe future lithography. Experimental results are also shown to demonstrate the analysis.

In this paper, we propose an extended LR parsing algorithm, called LR parsing with a category reachability test (the LR-CRT algorithm). The LR-CRT algorithm enables a parser to efficiently recognize those sentences that belong to a specified grammatical category. The key point of the algorithm is to use an augmented LR parsing table in which each action entry contains a set of reachable categories. When executing a shift or reduce action, the parser checks whether the action can reach a given category using the augmented table. We apply the LR-CRT algorithm to improve a speech recognition system based on two-level LR parsing. This system uses two kinds of grammars, inter- and intra-phrase grammars, to recognize Japanese sentential speech. Two-level LR parsing guides the search of speech recognition through two-level symbol prediction, phrase category prediction and phone prediction, based on these grammars. The LR-CRT algorithm makes possible the efficient phone prediction based on the phrase category prediction. The system was evaluated using sentential speech data uttered phrase by phrase, and attained a word accuracy of 97.5% and a sentence accuracy of 91.2%

Three custom LSIs for EB60, a direct wafer exposure electron beam system, have been developed using 0.8 µm BiCMOS and SST bipolar technologies. The three LSIs are i) a shot cycle control LSI for controlling each exposure cycle time, ii) a linear matrix computation LSI for coordinate modification of the exposure pattern data, and iii) a position calculation LSI for determining the precise position of the wafer. These LSIs allow the deflection corrector block of the revised EB60 to be realized on a single board. A new adaptive pipeline control technique which optimizes each shot period according to the exposure data is implemented in the shot-cycle control LSI. The position calculation LSI implements a new, highly effective 2-level pipeline exposure technique, the levels refer to major-field-deflection and minor-field-deflection. The linear-matrix computation LSI is designed not only for the EB60 but also for a wide variety of parallel digital processing applications.