VI time responses of a conventional electromagnetic relay during breaking contact operations were measured. In a conventional switching circuit, unstable contact resistance, irregular bouncing, and poor reproducibility were confirmed. Using a transient current switch circuit and two sharpened contact electrodes, bouncing during a breaking operation was suppressed, and unstable contact resistance changes and reproducibility of breaking operation were also improved.

Anomalous environmental electromagnetic (EM) radiation waves have been reported as the portents of earthquakes. Our study's goal is predicting earthquakes using EM radiation waves by detecting some anomalies. We have been measuring the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) range EM radiation waves all over Japan. However, the recorded data contain signals unrelated to earthquakes. These signals, as noise, confound earthquake prediction efforts. In this paper, we propose an efficient method of global signal elimination and enhancement local signals using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). We evaluated the effectiveness of this method.

In this paper, a new large spreading code set with a uniform low cross-correlation is proposed. The proposed code set is capable of (1) increasing the number of assigned user (capacity) in a multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system and (2) reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In this paper, we derive a new code set and present an example to demonstrate performance improvements of OFDM and MC-CDMA systems. Our proposed code set with code length of N has K=2N+1 number of codes for supporting up to (2N+1) users and exhibits lower cross correlation properties compared to the existing spreading code sets. Our results with subcarrier N=16 confirm that the proposed code set outperforms the current pseudo-orthogonal carrier interferometry (POCI) code set with gain of 5 dB at bit-error-rate (BER) level of 10-4 in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and gain of more than 3.6 dB in a multipath fading channel.

Research on the electromagnetic compatibility of functional module composed of two independent electromagnetic relays in a hermetically sealed shell is the technical foundation for integration and miniaturization of electronic equipment in the future. In this paper, 3D finite element method (FEM) was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of twin-type relay interfered by uniform constant magnetic field and identify the sensitive direction in which the relay was easily interfered. The models of twin-type relay in three working states were founded. Through simulation and analysis, it was found out how the operation time and electromagnetic torque of twin-type relay changed with the outer interfered magnetic field. When the relay was on the point of operation failure, the critical value of magnetic field was calculated through simulation. The simulation results of the dynamic characteristics of twin-type relay agree well with the experimental data. The conclusion in this paper is of great value for research on the electromagnetic compatibility of relay functional module.

When contact failure occurs in a connector in a coaxial HF signal transmission line, an electromagnetic field is radiated around the line. We have measured the electromagnetic field and examined the characteristics of such radiation. The results show that the radiation is related to the contact resistance and the symmetry of the distribution of contact points at the connector. When contact resistance is low, radiation is observed at resonant frequencies related to the length of the transmission line. If a connector has axially asymmetric contact points, its radiation is higher than that when the contact points are symmetric. We show that if contact points in a connector are axially symmetrical with resistance lower than 0.25 Ω, the electromagnetic interference caused by the connector contact failure is as low as the background noise.

At high signal frequencies (i.e. in the GHz range), a connector must be considered as part of an electromagnetic transmission line. At these frequencies, the impedance characteristics of the connector stemming from the distributed inductance and capacitance of pins and the associated wiring, must be carefully controlled; insertion losses must be minimized and undesirable coupling between non-neighboring pins giving rise to crosstalk must be avoided to achieve optimal signal transmission. This paper reviews fundamental issues associated with the performance optimization of multi-conductor connector structures for high speed signal transmission. The paper complements an earlier publication that reviewed the major factors affecting electrical contact resistance at high frequencies [1].

In this paper we mainly focus on the effect of a ferromagnetic material on the critical current of Bi-2223 tape. The magnetic field distributions of tapes with several different layouts of a ferromagnetic material are investigated by calculation and the corresponding critical current is tested experimentally. The analysis indicates that the critical current of the tape can be improved effectively by laying the ferromagnetic material perpendicularly next to the tape edge. Furthermore, various other ferromagnetic parameters are also important for reducing the magnetic field induced by the current flowing through the tape.

An electrical arc is generated by opening the contacts of a relay when the current is above the minimum arc current in a circuit. A magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) model was employed to simulate this dynamic arcing process. The distributions of arc parameters such as temperature, electrical field and magnetic flux density generated by opening the contacts in a circuit with a 5 A DC low current were obtained. The behaviors of the arc parameters with increasing gap length between the contacts were also simulated. The MHD model was then combined with structured dynamic layering, which is a dynamic meshing technique of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to calculate the dynamic arcing process, and the arc parameters generated by opening the contacts in the circuit with a 5 A DC low current with a constant velocity were also obtained. It turned out that the computed time-varying contact voltage and arc duration agreed well with the test results. Thus, the validity of the simulation was demonstrated.

The precision of magnetic field calculation is crucial to predict the arc behavior using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. A integrated calculation method is proposed to couple the calculation of magnetic field and fluid dynamics based on the commercial software ANSYS and FLUENT, which especially benefits to take into account the existence of the ferromagnetic parts. An example concerning air arc is presented using the method.

Route optimization for network mobility is a key technique for providing a node in a mobile network (Mobile Network Node or MNN) with high quality broadband communications. Many schemes adding route optimization function to Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol, the standardized network mobility management protocol from the IETF nemo working group, have already been proposed in recent years. One such scheme, a scheme using Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) aims to overcome micromobility management issues as well by applying a mechanism based on HMIPv6. The traditional scheme, however, suffers from a significant number of signaling messages as the number of MNNs and/or the number of their Correspondent Nodes (CNs) increase, because many messages notifying the MNNs' Home Agents (HAMNNs) and the CNs of the mobile network's movement are generated simultaneously each time the mobile network moves to the domain of another micromobility management router (Mobility Anchor Point or MAP). This paper proposes a scheme to overcome this problem. Our scheme reduces the number of signaling messages generated at the same time by managing the mobility of MNNs using multiple MAPs distributed within a network for load sharing. The results of simulation experiments show that our scheme works efficiently compared to the traditional scheme when a mobile network has many MNNs and/or these MNNs communicate with many CNs.

The dispersion and the splice characteristics of optical fibers with trench-index profile are investigated. The normalized distance between core and trench is preferably larger than 3.0 to realize complete compatibility with the standard G.652 fiber in terms of chromatic dispersion. The optical fiber realizes compatibility with ITU-T Recommendation G.652 fiber and bend-insensitivity simultaneously. Fabricated fibers with the trench-index profiles can be spliced to standard single-mode fiber with low losses, which have similar values with simulation results.

A 76-GHz Gunn voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a high output power and a wide tuning-frequency range was fabricated by optimizing VCO circuits and using laser micromachining. The tuning-frequency range of the fabricated Gunn VCO was more than two times higher than that attained in our previous experiments by optimizing VCO circuits. The VCO attained a tuning-frequency range of 493 MHz, output power variation of 1.0 dB, and tuning-frequency linearity of 6.1% over a tuning-voltage range from 0 to 10 V. Its power consumption was 2.0 W at operation voltage of 3.6 V. And it measured output power was 13.3 dBm with DC-RF conversion efficiency of 1.0% at 76.5 GHz. Moreover, under fundamental-mode operation, it achieved low phase noise of -107.8 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 1 MHz. Since laser micromachining was used in fabricating the Gunn VCO, the reproducibility of its RF performance was improved.

All-optical wavelength conversion and modulation format conversion will be needed in the next generation high-speed optical communication networks. We have proposed and successfully demonstrated the error free operation of all-optical modulation format conversion from NRZ-OOK to RZ-BPSK using SOA based MZI wavelength converter. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the wavelength conversion characteristics of the proposed NRZ-OOK/RZ-BPSK modulation format converter. The results show that error free modulation format conversion is possible over the entire C band.

This letter reports a high-performance Ka-band equilateral triangular microstrip patch (ETMP) antenna suspended on a thin dielectric membrane. The membrane is released using a silicon bulk-micromachining technique. A set of closed-form expressions to calculate the resonant frequency of the proposed antenna on the micromachined substrate is also presented. The measured performance of the antenna structure is verified using the finite element method (FEM) based Agilent High Frequency Structure Simulator (version 5.5). The fabricated antenna exhibited a wide -10 dB return loss bandwidth of 1.2 GHz at 35.4 GHz. The measured antenna cross-polarization level is less than -15 dB in both the E- and H-planes.

A deterministic pushdown automaton (dpda) having just one stack symbol is called a deterministic restricted one-counter automaton (droca). When it accepts an input by empty stack, it is called strict. This paper is concerned with a subclass of real-time strict droca's, called Szilard strict droca's, and studies the problem of identifying the subclass in the limit from positive data. The class of languages accepted by Szilard strict droca's coincides with the class of Szilard languages (or, associated languages) of strict droca's and is incomparable to each of the class of regular languages and that of simple languages. After providing some properties of languages accepted by Szilard strict droca's, we show that the class of Szilard strict droca's is polynomial time identifiable in the limit from positive data in the sense of Yokomori. This identifiability is proved by giving an exact characteristic sample of polynomial size for a language accepted by a Szilard strict droca. The class of very simple languages, which is a proper subclass of simple languages, is also proved to be polynomial time identifiable in the limit from positive data by Yokomori, but it is yet unknown whether there exists a characteristic sample of polynomial size for any very simple language.

To estimate the impact of electromagnetic disturbances on multi-carrier wireless systems, a method for converting an amplitude probability distribution (APD) of disturbance measured at a frequency to be valid for another frequency is presented. The conversion uses two parameters, the receiver noise power of the APD measuring equipment and a scale factor that can be estimated from a measured disturbance spectrum. The method is based on the assumption that the difference in measurement frequency affects only the relative scale of the probability distribution of band-limited disturbance amplitude, and is applicable to disturbances of practically importance such as 1) continuous or pulse-modulated wideband Gaussian noise, 2) disturbance with a much narrower bandwidth than receiver bandwidth B, and 3) repetitive short pulses with similar waveforms with an interval much longer than 1/B. The validity of the proposed method is examined by measurements of actual disturbances.

Spoken language understanding (SLU) aims to map a user's speech into a semantic frame. Since most of the previous works use the semantic structures for SLU, we verify that the structure is useful even for noisy input. We apply a structured prediction method to SLU problem and compare it to an unstructured one. In addition, we present a combined method to embed long-distance dependency between entities in a cascaded manner. On air travel data, we show that our approach improves performance over baseline models.

It is well known that there is relationship between electromagnetic emanation and processing information in IT devices such as personal computers and smart cards. By analyzing such electromagnetic emanation, eavesdropper will be able to get some information, so it becomes a real threat of information security. In this paper, we show how to estimate amount of information that is leaked as electromagnetic emanation. We assume the space between the IT device and the receiver is a communication channel, and we define the amount of information leakage via electromagnetic emanations by its channel capacity. By some experimental results of Tempest, we show example estimations of amount of information leakage. Using the value of channel capacity, we can calculate the amount of information per pixel in the reconstructed image. And we evaluate the effectiveness of Tempest fonts generated by Gaussian method and its threshold of security.

In this paper, we propose a simple peak power reduction (PPR) method based on adaptive inversion of parity-check block of codeword in BCH-coded OFDM system. In the proposed method, the entire parity-check block of the codeword is adaptively inversed by multiplying weighting factors (WFs) so as to minimize PAPR of the OFDM signal, symbol-by-symbol. At the receiver, these WFs are estimated based on the property of BCH decoding. When the primitive BCH code with single error correction such as (31,26) code is used, to estimate the WFs, the proposed method employs a significant bit protection method which assigns a significant bit to the best subcarrier selected among all possible subcarriers. With computer simulation, when (31,26), (31,21) and (32,21) BCH codes are employed, PAPR of the OFDM signal at the CCDF (Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function) of 10-4 is reduced by about 1.9, 2.5 and 2.5 dB by applying the PPR method, while achieving the BER performance comparable to the case with the perfect WF estimation in exponentially decaying 12-path Rayleigh fading condition.

Effects of Fe/Si ratio and growth temperature were investigated in order to realize high quality Fe3Si/Ge structures. It was found that very small χmin values (2-3%) were achieved in a wide temperature range of 60-200 under the stoichiometric condition. From TEM observation, it was rvealed that the Fe3Si/Ge structures with atomically flat interfaces were realized. In addition, thermal stability of the Fe3Si/Ge structures was guaranteed up to 400. These results suggested that growth at a low temperature (<200) under the stoichiometric condition was essential to obtain high quality Fe3Si/Ge structures with sharp interfaces.