We have designed a 32-bit RISC microprocessor with 16-/32-bit fixed-point DSP functionality. This processor, called YD-RISC, combines both general-purpose microprocessor and digital signal processor (DSP) functionality using the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) design principles. It has functional units for arithmetic operation, digital signal processing (DSP) and memory access. They operate in parallel in order to remove stall cycles after DSP or load/store instructions, which usually need one or more issue latency cycles in addition to the first issue cycle. High performance was achieved with these parallel functional units while adopting a sophisticated five-stage pipeline structure. The pipelined DSP unit can execute one 32-bit multiply-accumulate (MAC) or 16-bit complex multiply instruction every one or two cycles through two 17-b 17-b multipliers and an operand examination logic circuit. Power-saving techniques such as power-down mode and disabling execution blocks allow low power consumption. In the design of this processor, we use logic synthesis and automatic place-and-route. This top-down approach shortens design time, while a high clock frequency is achieved by refining the processor architecture.

The analytic expression for the transmission spectrum of cascaded long-period fiber gratings is presented in a closed form. When several identical gratings are cascaded in-series with a regular distance, the transmission spectrum is revealed to have a series of regularly spaced peaks, suitable for multi-channel filters. The analytic solution is obtained by diagonalizing the transfer matrix of each grating unit that is composed of a single grating and a grating-free region between adjacent gratings. The spectrum of the device is simply described with the number of cascaded gratings and a single parameter that has the information of the phase difference between the modes. With the derived equation, the spectral behaviors of the proposed device are investigated. The intensity of each peak can be controlled by adjusting the strength of a single grating. The separation between adjacent gratings determines the spacing between the peaks. The finesse of the peaks can be increased by cascading more gratings. The derived analytic results are compared with the known results of paired gratings and phase-shifted gratings.

Method invocation mechanism is one of the essential features in object-oriented programming languages. This mechanism contributes to data encapsulation and code reuse, but there is a risk of runtime type errors. In the case of object-oriented databases (OODBs), a runtime error causes rollback. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure that a given OODB schema is consistent, i.e., no runtime error occurs during the execution of queries under any database instance of the OODB schema. This paper discusses the computational complexity of the type-consistency problem. As a model of OODB schemas, we adopt update schemas introduced by Hull et al., which have all of the basic features of OODBs such as class hierarchy, inheritance, complex objects, and so on. The type-consistency problem for update schemas is known to be undecidable. We introduce a subclass of update schemas, called acyclic schemas, and show that the type-consistency problem for acyclic schemas is in coNEXPTIME. Furthermore, we show that the problem for recursion-free acyclic schemas is coNEXPTIME-hard and the problem for retrieval acyclic schemas is PSPACE-complete.

A schedule for a parallel program is said to be 1-fault-secure if a system that uses the schedule can either produce correct output for the program or detect the presence of any faults in a single processor. Although several fault-secure scheduling algorithms have been proposed, they can all only be applied to a class of tree-structured task graphs with a uniform computation cost. Besides, they assume a stringent error model, called the redeemable error model, that considers extremely unlikely cases. In this paper, we first propose two new plausible error models which restrict the manner of error propagation. Then we present three fault-secure scheduling algorithms, one for each of the three models. Unlike previous algorithms, the proposed algorithms can deal with any task graphs with arbitrary computation and communication costs. Through experiments, we evaluate these algorithms and study the impact of the error models on the lengths of fault-secure schedules.

This paper proposes an area/time optimizing algorithm in a high-level synthesis system for control-based hardwares. Given a call graph whose node corresponds to a control flow of an application program, the algorithm generates a set of state-transition graphs which represents the input call graph under area and timing constraint. In the algorithm, first state-transition graphs which satisfy only timing constraint are generated and second they are transformed so that they can satisfy area constraint. Since the algorithm is directly applied to control-flow graphs, it can deal with control flows such as bit-wise processes and conditional branches. Further, the algorithm synthesizes more than one hardware architecture candidates from a single call graph for an application program. Designers of an application program can select several good hardware architectures among candidates depending on multiple design criteria. Experimental results for several control-based hardwares demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

Multi-level divide-and-conquer (MDC) is a generalized divide-and-conquer technique, which consists of more than one division step organized hierarchically. In this paper, we investigate the paradigm of the MDC and show that it is an efficient technique for designing parallel algorithms. The following parallel algorithms are used for studying the MDC: finding the convex hull of discs, finding the upper envelope of line segments, finding the farthest neighbors of a convex polygon and finding all the row maxima of a totally monotone matrix. The third and the fourth algorithms are newly presented. Our discussion is based on the EREW PRAM, but the methods discussed here can be applied to any parallel computation models.

This paper proposes a nonlinear distortion suppression scheme for optical direct FM Radio-on-Fiber system. This scheme uses the interaction between the nonlinearities of DFM-LD and OFD to suppress a 3rd order intermodulation distortion. We theoretically analyze the carrier to noise-plus-distortion ratio (CNDR) and show a controlling method in the MZI type OFD to realize the proposed suppression scheme.

This paper proposes a nonlinear distortion suppression scheme for optical direct FM Radio-on-Fiber system. This scheme uses the interaction between the nonlinearities of DFM-LD and OFD to suppress a 3rd order intermodulation distortion. We theoretically analyze the carrier to noise-plus-distortion ratio (CNDR) and show a controlling method in the MZI type OFD to realize the proposed suppression scheme.

This paper describes a new optical label switching technique; wavelength and pilot tone frequency are combined to form labels that are used to control transport network routing. This technique is very attractive for achieving simple nodes that offer extremely rapid forwarding. Experimental results on the discrimination of optical labels and all-optical label conversion are also presented.

Among several multiprocessor topologies, two-dimensional (2D) mesh topology has become popular due to its simplicity and efficiency. Even though a number of scheduling and processor allocation schemes for 2D meshes have been proposed in the literature, little study has been done aimed for real-time environment. In this paper, we propose an on-line scheduling and allocation scheme for real-time tasks that require the exclusive use of submeshes in 2D mesh system. By effectively manipulating the information on allocated or reserved submeshes, the proposed scheme can quickly identify the earliest available time of a free submesh for a newly arrived task. We employ a limited preemption approach to reduce the complexity of the search for a feasible schedule. Computer simulation reveals that the proposed scheme allows high throughput by decreasing the number of tasks rejected.

The analytic expression for the transmission spectrum of cascaded long-period fiber gratings is presented in a closed form. When several identical gratings are cascaded in-series with a regular distance, the transmission spectrum is revealed to have a series of regularly spaced peaks, suitable for multi-channel filters. The analytic solution is obtained by diagonalizing the transfer matrix of each grating unit that is composed of a single grating and a grating-free region between adjacent gratings. The spectrum of the device is simply described with the number of cascaded gratings and a single parameter that has the information of the phase difference between the modes. With the derived equation, the spectral behaviors of the proposed device are investigated. The intensity of each peak can be controlled by adjusting the strength of a single grating. The separation between adjacent gratings determines the spacing between the peaks. The finesse of the peaks can be increased by cascading more gratings. The derived analytic results are compared with the known results of paired gratings and phase-shifted gratings.

In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to identify the detailed typeface of Gothic characters in document images. The identification is performed by evaluating two types of typeface models, named the Gs-pattern and the Gd-pattern according to the principle of MDL. The typeface models are generated from the observed character image by using morphology and are viewed as approximating expressions of the observed character. Consequently, this method is unique in that it is free from both character recognition and dictionary lookup.

We have developed a new planar lightwave circuit (PLC) platform eliminating Si terraces for hybrid integrated optical modules. This PLC platform has the advantage of a lower fabrication cost than the conventional PLC platform with an Si terrace, because it does not require fabrication processes such as Si terrace forming and mechanical polishing. Using our new PLC platform structure, we fabricated a transceiver for optical access networks and an 8-channel multi-channel photoreceiver for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) interconnection systems.

Many methods have been proposed to detect intrusions; for example, the pattern matching method on known intrusion patterns and the statistical approach to detecting deviation from normal activities. We investigated a new method for detecting intrusions based on the number of system calls during a user's network activity on a host machine. This method attempts to separate intrusions from normal activities by using discriminant analysis, a kind of multivariate analysis. We can detect intrusions by analyzing only 11 system calls occurring on a host machine by discriminant analysis with the Mahalanobis' distance, and can also tell whether an unknown sample is an intrusion. Our approach is a lightweight intrusion detection method, given that it requires only 11 system calls for analysis. Moreover, our approach does not require user profiles or a user activity database in order to detect intrusions. This paper explains our new method for the separation of intrusions and normal behavior by discriminant analysis, and describes the classification method by which to identify an unknown behavior.

This paper proposes Photonic Core Node based on a 2.56-Terabit/s opto-electronic switching fabric, which can economically handle the rapidly increasing multimedia traffics, such as Internet traffic. We have successfully developed the first prototype of Photonic Core Node. The prototype consists of a single-stage full-crossbar opto-electronic switching fabric, super-packet buffers for input queuing, and a desynchronized-round-robin scheduler. The switching fabric is upgradable up to 2.56 Tb/s, and employs wavelength-division-multiplexing techniques, which dramatically reduce the total number of optical switching elements down to one-eighth the number of those used in a conventional switching fabric. The super-packet buffer assembles 16 ATM cells routed to the same output port into a single fixed-length packet. The super-packet-switching scheme drastically reduces the overhead of optical switching from 32 to 2.9%, although it tends to decrease effective throughput. The desynchronized-round-robin scheduler maintains nearly 100% effective throughput for random traffic, recursively resolving the contention of connection requests in one scheduling routine while keeping fairness in a round robin manner. The proposed Photonic Core Node can accommodate not only ATM switching but also WDM optical path grooming/multiplexing, and IP routing by using IP input buffer interfaces, because optical switches are bit-rate/format-independent.

We have measured the temperature dependence of the gain characteristics in 1.3-µm AlGaInAs/InP strained multiple-quantum-well (MQW) semiconductor lasers using Hakki-Paoli method. By measuring the temperature dependences of the peak gain value and the gain peak wavelength, we evaluated the temperature dependences of the threshold current and the oscillation wavelength, respectively. The small temperature dependence of the threshold current in AlGaInAs/InP lasers is caused by the small temperature dependence of the transparency current density, which is represented by the characteristic temperature TJtr of 116 K. In AlGaInAs/InP high T0 lasers, the temperature dependence of the oscillation wavelength is slightly larger than that in GaInAsP/InP lasers because of the larger temperature dependence of bandgap wavelength 0.55 nm/K.

We have developed a new planar lightwave circuit (PLC) platform eliminating Si terraces for hybrid integrated optical modules. This PLC platform has the advantage of a lower fabrication cost than the conventional PLC platform with an Si terrace, because it does not require fabrication processes such as Si terrace forming and mechanical polishing. Using our new PLC platform structure, we fabricated a transceiver for optical access networks and an 8-channel multi-channel photoreceiver for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) interconnection systems.

This paper proposes Photonic Core Node based on a 2.56-Terabit/s opto-electronic switching fabric, which can economically handle the rapidly increasing multimedia traffics, such as Internet traffic. We have successfully developed the first prototype of Photonic Core Node. The prototype consists of a single-stage full-crossbar opto-electronic switching fabric, super-packet buffers for input queuing, and a desynchronized-round-robin scheduler. The switching fabric is upgradable up to 2.56 Tb/s, and employs wavelength-division-multiplexing techniques, which dramatically reduce the total number of optical switching elements down to one-eighth the number of those used in a conventional switching fabric. The super-packet buffer assembles 16 ATM cells routed to the same output port into a single fixed-length packet. The super-packet-switching scheme drastically reduces the overhead of optical switching from 32 to 2.9%, although it tends to decrease effective throughput. The desynchronized-round-robin scheduler maintains nearly 100% effective throughput for random traffic, recursively resolving the contention of connection requests in one scheduling routine while keeping fairness in a round robin manner. The proposed Photonic Core Node can accommodate not only ATM switching but also WDM optical path grooming/multiplexing, and IP routing by using IP input buffer interfaces, because optical switches are bit-rate/format-independent.

We have measured the temperature dependence of the gain characteristics in 1.3-µm AlGaInAs/InP strained multiple-quantum-well (MQW) semiconductor lasers using Hakki-Paoli method. By measuring the temperature dependences of the peak gain value and the gain peak wavelength, we evaluated the temperature dependences of the threshold current and the oscillation wavelength, respectively. The small temperature dependence of the threshold current in AlGaInAs/InP lasers is caused by the small temperature dependence of the transparency current density, which is represented by the characteristic temperature TJtr of 116 K. In AlGaInAs/InP high T0 lasers, the temperature dependence of the oscillation wavelength is slightly larger than that in GaInAsP/InP lasers because of the larger temperature dependence of bandgap wavelength 0.55 nm/K.

This paper describes a new optical label switching technique; wavelength and pilot tone frequency are combined to form labels that are used to control transport network routing. This technique is very attractive for achieving simple nodes that offer extremely rapid forwarding. Experimental results on the discrimination of optical labels and all-optical label conversion are also presented.