Many recent studies have focused on leveraging rich information types to increase useful information for improving fault localization effectiveness. However, they rarely investigate the impact of information richness on fault localization to give guidance on how to enrich information for improving localization effectiveness. This paper presents the first systematic study to fill this void. Our study chooses four representative information types and investigates the relationship between their richness and the localization effectiveness. The results show that information richness related to frequency execution count involves a high risk of degrading the localization effectiveness, and backward slice is effective in improving localization effectiveness.

In this paper, a method for designing of Incremental Granular Model (IGM) based on integration of Linear Regression (LR) and Linguistic Model (LM) with the aid of fuzzy granulation is proposed. Here, IGM is designed by the use of information granulation realized via Context-based Interval Type-2 Fuzzy C-Means (CIT2FCM) clustering. This clustering approach are used not only to estimate the cluster centers by preserving the homogeneity between the clustered patterns from linguistic contexts produced in the output space, but also deal with the uncertainty associated with fuzzification factor. Furthermore, IGM is developed by construction of a LR as a global model, refine it through the local fuzzy if-then rules that capture more localized nonlinearities of the system by LM. The experimental results on two examples reveal that the proposed method shows a good performance in comparison with the previous works.

In PQCrypto 2013, Yasuda, Takagi and Sakurai proposed a new signature scheme as one of multivariate public key cryptosystems (MPKCs). This scheme (called YTS) is based on the fact that there are two isometry classes of non-degenerate quadratic forms on a vector space with a prescribed dimension. The advantage of YTS is its efficiency. In fact, its signature generation is eight or nine times faster than Rainbow of similar size. For the security, it is known that the direct attack, the IP attack and the min-rank attack are applicable on YTS, and the running times are exponential time for the first and the second attacks and sub-exponential time for the third attack. In the present paper, we give a new attack on YTS whose approach is to use the diagonalization of matrices. Our attack works in polynomial time and it actually recovers equivalent secret keys of YTS having 140-bits security against min-rank attack in around fifteen seconds.

A regulated charge pump (CP) with an extended range of load current is presented. A power-efficient adaptive feedback controller is adopted. Verified by a 0.18µm CMOS technology with a power supply of 3.3V, the measured output voltage of the CP is regulated above 5V when the load current is varied from 2.5mA to 50mA. The measured power efficiency spans from 81.7% at lighter load to 75.2% when load current is 50mA. The measured output ripples are small and below 24mV.

The Lyapunov stability theory-based adaptive filter (LST-AF) is a robust filtering algorithm which the tracking error quickly converges to zero asymptotically. Recently, the software module of the LST-AF algorithm is effectively used in engineering applications such as tracking, prediction, noise cancellation and system identification problems. Therefore, hardware implementation becomes necessary in many cases where real time procedure is needed. In this paper, an implementation of the LST-AF algorithm on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is realized for the first time to our knowledge. The proposed hardware implementation on FPGA is performed for two main benchmark problems; i) tracking of an artificial signal and a Henon chaotic signal, ii) estimation of filter parameters using a system identification model. Experimental results are comparatively presented to test accuracy, performance and logic occupation. The results show that our proposed hardware implementation not only conserves the capabilities of software versions of the LST-AF algorithm but also achieves a better performance than them.

Absorption, scattering, and color distortion are three major issues in underwater optical imaging. Light rays traveling through water are scattered and absorbed according to their wavelength. Scattering is caused by large suspended particles that degrade underwater optical images. Color distortion occurs because different wavelengths are attenuated to different degrees in water; consequently, images of ambient underwater environments are dominated by a bluish tone. In the present paper, we propose a novel underwater imaging model that compensates for the attenuation discrepancy along the propagation path. In addition, we develop a fast weighted guided normalized convolution domain filtering algorithm for enhancing underwater optical images. The enhanced images are characterized by a reduced noise level, better exposure in dark regions, and improved global contrast, by which the finest details and edges are enhanced significantly.

Ultra-wideband radar exhibits high range resolution, and excellent capability for penetrating dielectric media, especially when using lower frequency microwaves. Thus, it has a great potential for innovative non-destructive testing of aging roads or bridges or for non-invasive medical imaging applications. In this context, we have already proposed an accurate dielectric constant estimation method for a homogeneous dielectric medium, based on a geometrical optics (GO) approximation, where the dielectric boundary points and their normal vectors are directly reproduced using the range point migration (RPM) method. In addition, to compensate for the estimation error incurred by the GO approximation, a waveform compensation scheme employing the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method was incorporated. This paper shows the experimental validation of this method, where a new approach for suppressing the creeping wave along the dielectric boundary is also introduced. The results from real observation data validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of highly accurate dielectric constant estimation and embedded object boundary reconstruction.

EPCglobal architecture framework is divided into identify, capture, and share layers and defines a collection of standards. It is not fully adequate to build IoT applications because the transducer capability is lacking. IEEE 1451 is a set of standards that defines data exchange format, communication protocols, and various connection interfaces between sensors/actuators and transducer interface modules. By appending IEEE 1451 transducer capability to EPCglobal architecture framework, a consistent EPC scheme expression for heterogeneous things can be achieved at identify layer. It is benefit to extend the upper layers of EPCglobal architecture framework seamlessly. In this paper, we put our emphasis on how to leverage the transducer capability at the capture layer. A device cycle, transducer cycle specification, and transducer cycle report are introduced to collect and process sensor/actuator data. The design and implementation of GS1 EPCglobal Application Level Events (ALE) modules extension are proposed for explaining the design philosophy and verifying the feasibility. It will interact with the capture and query services of EPC Information Services (EPCIS) for IoT applications at the share layer. By cooperating and interacting with these layers of EPCglobal architecture framework, the IoT architecture EPCglobal+ based on international standards is built.

Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture as an alternative paradigm to traditional IP networking. The innovative concepts, such as named data, name-based routing, and in-network caching bring lots of benefits to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Simple and robust communication model of ICN, based on interest/data messages exchange, is appealing to be deployed in WSNs. However, ICN architectures are designed for power supplied network devices rather than resource-constrained sensor nodes. Introducing ICN-liked architecture to WSNs needs to rethink the naming scheme and forwarding strategy to meet the requirements of energy efficiency and failure recovery. This paper presents a light weight data centric routing mechanism (GRMR) for interest dissemination and data delivery in location-aware WSNs. A simple naming scheme gives assistance for routing decision by individual nodes. Greedy routing engaging with regional multicast mechanism provides an efficient data centric routing approach. The performance is analytically evaluated and simulated in NS-2. The results indicate that GRMR achieves significant energy efficiency under investigated scenarios.

Product packaging is a significant factor in a buyer's purchasing decision. We have developed a method for creating package images reflecting consumers' taste impressions that balances the need to provide product information and the need to motivate purchasing. It uses a database showing the correspondence between adjectives and colors as extracted from consumer reviews. This correspondence is used to revise the colors in the original package image. Evaluation was done by having 40 participants drink target beverages and answer questions before and after drinking regarding their impressions of the taste and their desire to drink the beverage. The results revealed that displaying appropriately revised images reduced the gap between the expected taste when viewing the image and the actual taste. Displaying appropriately revised images should motivate purchasing decisions as well as increase product satisfaction.

The characteristic basis function method using improved primary characteristic basis functions (IP-CBFM) has been proposed as a technique for high-precision analysis of monostatic radar cross section (RCS) of a scattering field in a specific coordinate plane. IP-CBFM is a method which reduces the number of CBF necessary to express a current distribution by combining secondary CBF calculated for each block of the scatterer with the primary CBF to form a single improved primary CBF (IP-CBF). When the proposed technique was evaluated by calculating the monostatic RCS of a perfect electric conductor plate and cylinder, it was found that solutions corresponding well with analysis results from conventional CBFM can be obtained from small-scale matrix equations.

Broadcasting is the process of sending a message from one node to all the other nodes in a network. Simple flooding is the simplest form of broadcasting in ad hoc wireless networks. Simple flooding provides important control, route discovery, and network information update functionality for unicast and multicast protocols. However, simple flooding generates too many broadcast message duplications in ad hoc wireless networks. Minimum spanning tree (MST)-based flooding has traditionally been used in networks to reduce the broadcast duplications by determining broadcast trees using global topology information. However, MST-based flooding still generates a lot of broadcast traffic duplications. In this paper, we propose an efficient type of flooding, called “minimizing re-transmissions” (MRT), to significantly reduce the broadcast duplications. The purpose of MRT is to minimize the number of retransmitting nodes in an ad hoc wireless network based on the network's link state information. This advantage of minimizing the number of retransmitting nodes significantly reduces broadcast message duplications in ad hoc wireless networks. The performance of MRT is analyzed, evaluated, and compared to that of the simple flooding and the MST-based flooding. Simulations are conducted using the OMNet++ Simulator in order to validate the traffic performance analysis. For our sample network, analytical and simulation results show that MRT reduces broadcast message duplications by about 80% compared to simple flooding and by about 68% compared to MST-based flooding, thus saving a significant amount of network bandwidth and energy. MRT can be used in static or mobile ad hoc wireless networks and in wired networks to implement scalable broadcast communications.

In this paper, we derive two simple asymptotic closed-form formulas for the average bit error probability (BEP) of differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK) with Gray encoding and a simple asymptotic approximation for the average symbol error probability (SEP) of doubly-differential quaternary phase shift keying (DDQPSK) in Nakagami-m fading channels. Compared with the existing BEP/SEP expressions, the derived concise formulas are much more effective in evaluating the asymptotic properties of DQPSK/DDQPSK with various Nakagami fading parameters, the accuracy of which is verified by extensive numerical results.

This paper describes a fast and effective algorithm for refining the parameter estimates of multicomponent third-order polynomial phase signals (PPSs). The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is accompanied by lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold, and computational complexity. A two-step procedure is used to estimate the parameters of multicomponent third-order PPSs. In the first step, an initial estimate for the phase parameters can be obtained by using fast Fourier transformation (FFT), k-means algorithm and three time positions. In the second step, these initial estimates are refined by a simple moving average filter and singular value decomposition (SVD). The SNR threshold of the proposed algorithm is lower than those of the non-linear least square (NLS) method and the estimation refinement method even though it uses a simple moving average filter. In addition, the proposed method is characterized by significantly lower complexity than computationally intensive NLS methods. Simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper presents new Binary Converters (or current-mode compressors) by the usage of carbon nanotube field effect transistors. The new designs are made of three parts: 1) the input currents which are converted to voltage; 2) threshold detectors; and 3) the output current flow paths. In addition, an 8×8-bit multiplier is considered as a bench mark to estimate their efficiency degrees. The first approach is based on high-order Binary Converters, and the second one is only composed of 4BCs and Half Adders.

In this paper, we propose a new joint transmit and receive spatial/frequency-domain filtering for single-carrier (SC) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) eigenmode transmission using iterative interference cancellation (IC). Iterative IC is introduced to a previously proposed joint transmit and receive spatial/frequency-domain filtering based on minimum mean square error criterion (called joint Tx/Rx MMSE filtering) to reduce the residual inter-symbol interference (ISI) after the Rx filtering. The optimal Tx/Rx filters are derived based on the MMSE criterion taking into account the iterative IC. The superiority of our proposed technique is confirmed by computer simulation.

In recent years, much work has been devoted to developing protocols and architectures for supporting the growing trend of data-oriented services. One drawback of many of these proposals is the need to upgrade or replace all the routers in order for the new systems to work. Among the few systems that allow for gradual deployment is the recently-proposed Breadcrumbs technique for distributed coordination among caches in a cache network. Breadcrumbs uses information collected locally at each cache during past downloads to support in-network guiding of current requests to desired content. Specifically, during content download a series of short-term pointers, called breadcrumbs, is set up along the download path. Future requests for this content are initially routed towards the server which holds (a copy of) this content. However, if this route leads the request to a Breadcrumbs-supporting router, this router re-directs the request in the direction of the latest downloaded, using the aforementioned pointers. Thus, content requests are initially forwarded by a location ID (e.g., IP address), but encountering a breadcrumb entry can cause a shift over to content-based routing. This property enables the Breadcrumbs system to be deployed gradually, since it only enhances the existing location-based routing mechanism (i.e. IP-based routing). In this paper we evaluate the performance of a network where Breadcrumbs is only partially deployed. Our simulation results show Breadcrumbs performs poorly when sparsely deployed. However, if an overlay of Breadcrumbs-supporting routers is set-up, system performance is greatly improved. We believe that the reduced load on servers achieved with even a limited deployment of Breadcrumbs-supporting routers, combined with the flexibility of being able to deploy the system gradually, should motivate further investigation and eventual deployment of Breadcrumbs. In the paper, we also evaluate more coarse level than router level, i.e. ISP-level Breadcrumbs deployment issues. Our evaluation results show that Higher-layer first deployment approach obtains great improvement caused by Breadcrumbs redirections because of traffic aggregation in higher layer ISP.

Microwave systems have a number of promising applications in surveillance and monitoring systems. The main advantage of microwave systems is their ability to detect targets at distance under adverse conditions such as dim, smoky, and humid environments. Specifically, the wide bandwidth of ultra-wideband radar enables high range resolution. In a previous study, we proposed an accurate shape estimation algorithm for multiple targets using multiple ultra-wideband Doppler interferometers. However, this algorithm produces false image artifacts under conditions with severe interference. The present paper proposes a technique to suppress such false images by detecting inconsistent combinations of the radial velocity and time derivative of image positions. We study the performance of the proposed method through numerical simulations of a two-dimensional section of a moving human body, and demonstrate the remarkable performance of the proposed method in suppressing false image artifacts in many scenarios.

With extensive use of automotive radars, mutual interference between radars has become a crucial issue, since it increases the noise floor in the frequency domain triggering frequent false alarms and unsafe decision. This paper introduces a mathematical model for a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar in interfering environments. In addition, this paper proposes a time-domain interference suppression method to provide anti-interference capability regardless of the signal-to-interference ratio. Numerical results are presented to verify the performance of a 77GHz FMCW radar systme with the proposed method in interference-rich environments.

A frequency-domain (FD) uniform asymptotic solution (FD-UAS) which is useful for engineering applications is newly derived for the two-dimensional scattered magnetic field by a coated conducting cylinder covered with a thin lossy medium. The FD-UAS is uniform in the sense that it remains valid within the transition region adjacent to the shadow boundary, and it smoothly connects a geometric optical ray (GO) solution and a geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) solution exterior to the transition region, respectively. We assume that the thickness of a coating medium is thin as compared with one wavelength of a cylindrical wave radiated from a magnetic line source. This uniform asymptotic solution is represented by a combination of scattered field component solutions, namely, the GO solution composed of a direct GO (DGO) and a reflected GO, the extended uniform GTD (extended UTD) solution made up of a DGO and a pseudo surface diffracted ray (pseudo SD), the modified UTD solution representing SD series, and the GTD solution for a lowest order SD. The FD-UAS is valid for a source point and/or an observation point located either near the coating surface or in the far-zone. The effectiveness and usefulness of the FD-UAS presented here are confirmed by comparing with both the exact solution and the conventional UTD shadow region solution.