Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows to display functional activities of certain brain areas. In combination with a three dimensional anatomical dataset, acquired with a standard magnetic resonance (MR) scanner, it can be used to identify eloquent brain areas, resulting in so-called functional neuronavigation, supporting the neurosurgeon while planning and performing the operation. But during the operation brain shift leads to an increasing inaccuracy of the navigation system. Intraoperative MR imaging is used to update the neuronavigation system with a new anatomical dataset. To preserve the advantages of functional neuronavigation, it is necessary to save the functional information. Since fMRI cannot be repeated intraoperatively with the unconscious patient easily we tried to solve this problem by means of image processing and pattern recognition algorithms. In this paper we present an automatic approach for transfering preoperative markers into an intraoperative 3-D dataset. In the first step the brains are segmented in both image sets which are then registered and aligned. Next, corresponding points are determined. These points are then used to determine the position of the markers by estimating the local influence of brain shift.

This paper treats the data routing problem for fault-tolerant systolic arrays based on Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) in mixed spatial-temporal domain. The number of logical links required in TMR systolic array is basically 9 times larger than the one for corresponding non-fault-tolerant systolic array. The link sharing is a promising method for reducing the number of physical links, which may, however, degrade the fault tolerance of TMR system. This paper proposes several robust data-routing and resource-sharing (plural data transfers share a physical link, or a data transfer and a computational task share a PE as a relay node for the former and as a processor for the latter), by which certain classes of fault tolerant property will be guaranteed. A stage and a dominated set are introduced to characterize the features of routing/resource-sharing in TMR systems, and conditions on the dominated set and their resultant fault-tolerant properties are derived.

An improved algorithm is developed for correcting the topographic impact on satellite imagery. First, we analyze the topography induced distortion on satellite image. It is shown that the variation of aspect can cause the obvious different distortions in the remotely sensed image, and also effect the image illumination significantly. Because the illumination is the basis for topographic correction algorithms, we consider its variation in different sun-facing aspects in calculation a correction parameter and take it as a key element in the modified correction algorithm. Then, we apply the modified correction method on the actual Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite image. The topographic correction was done in different image data with different season and different solar angle. The corrected results show the effectiveness and accuracy using this approach.

In this paper, we first introduce the notion of texture precision given the 3d geometry of a scene. We then provide an algorithm to acquire a texture/color map of the scene within a given precision. The texture map is obtained using projective devices (like pinhole sensing device) from data acquired either in the real world or computer-synthesized. Finally, we describe a procedure to obtain level of precisions by combining a modified edge-collapse geometry technique with an appropriate remapping texture engine. We report on our experiments and give perspectives for further research.

In this article, a hierarchical classifier is proposed for classification of ground-cover types of a satellite image of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The image contains seven ground-cover types, which are categorized into three groups using principal component analysis. The first group contains clouds only, the second consists of sea and cloud shadow over land, and the third contains land and three types of forest. The sea and shadow over land classes are classified with 99% accuracy using a network of threshold logic units. The land and forest classes are classified by multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) using texture features and intensity values. The average performance achieved by six trained MLPs is 91%. In order to improve the classification accuracy even further, the outputs of the six MLPs were combined using several committee machines. All committee machines achieved significant improvement in performance over the multilayer perceptron classifiers, with the best machine achieving over 92% correct classification.

Recently a high-resolution image that has more than one million pixels is available easily. However, such an image requires much processing time and memory for an image understanding system. In this paper, we propose an integrated image understanding system of multi-resolution analysis and multi-agent-based architecture for high-resolution images. The system we propose in this paper has capability to treat with a high-resolution image effectively without much extra cost. We implemented an experimental system for images of indoor scenes.

Recently, it becomes popular to synthesize new viewpoint images based on some sampled viewpoint images of real scene using technique of computer vision. 3D shape reconstruction in Euclidean space is not necessarily required, but information of dense matching points is basically enough to synthesize new viewpoint images. In this paper, we propose a new method for 3D reconstruction from three cameras based on projective geometry. In the proposed method, three input camera images are rectified based on projective geometry, so that the vertical and horizontal directions can be completely aligned with the epipolar planes between the cameras. This rectification provides Projective Voxel Space (PVS), in which the three axes are aligned with the directions of camera projection. Such alignment simplifies the procedure for projection between the 3D space and the image planes in PVS. Taking this advantage of PVS, silhouettes of the objects are projected into PVS, so that the searching area of matching points can be reduced. The consistency of color value between the images is also evaluated for final determination of the matching point. The finally acquired matching points in the proposed method are described as the surface of the objects in PVS. The acquired surface of the objects in PVS also includes knowledge about occlusion. Finally, images from new viewpoints can be synthesized from the matching points and occlusions. Although the proposed method requires only weak calibration, plausible occlusions are also synthesized in the images. In the experiments, images of virtual viewpoints, which were set among three cameras, are synthesized from three real images.

This paper presents an application-specific, heterogeneous multiprocessor synthesis system, named HeMPS, that combines a form of Evolutionary Computation known as Differential Evolution with a scheduling heuristic to search the design space efficiently. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by comparing it to similar existing systems. The proposed strategy is shown to be faster than recent systems on large problems while providing equivalent or improved final solutions.

Deterministic execution testing has been considered a promising way for concurrent program testing because of its ability to replay a program's execution. Since, however, deterministic execution requires that a synchronization event sequence to be replayed be feasible and valid, it is not directly applicable to a situation in which synchronization sequences, being valid but infeasible, are taken into account. Resolving this problem is very important because a program may still meet its specification although the feasibility of all valid sequences is not satisfied. In this paper, we present a new approach to deterministic execution for testing concurrent systems. The proposed approach makes use of the notion of event independence and constructs an automation which accepts all the sequences semantically equivalent to a given event sequence to be replayed. Consequently, we can allow a program to be executed according to event sequences other than the given (possible infeasible) sequence if they can be accepted by the automation.

In this paper, we describe a method for estimating external camera parameters in real time. We investigated the effectiveness of this method for annotating real scenes with 3-D virtual objects on a wearable computer. The proposed method enables determining known natural feature points of objects through multiplied color histogram matching and template matching. This external-camera-parameter calculation method consists of three algorithms for PnP problems, and it uses each algorithm selectively. We implemented an experimental system based on our method on a wearable vision system. This experimental system can annotate real objects with 3D virtual objects by using the proposed method. The system was implemented in order to enable effective annotation in a mixed-reality environment on a wearable computing system. The system consists of an ultra small CCD camera set at the user's eye, an ultra small display, and a computer. This computer uses the proposed method to determine the camera parameters. It then renders virtual objects based on the camera parameters and synthesizes images on a display. The system works at 10 frames per second.

A mesh-connected processor array consists of many similar processing elements (PEs), which can be executed in both parallel and pipeline processing. For the implementation of an array of large numbers of processors, it is necessary to consider some fault tolerant issues to enhance the (fabrication-time) yield and the (run-time) reliability. In this paper, we introduce the 1(1/2)-track switch torus array by changing the connections in 1(1/2)-track switch mesh array, and we apply our approximate reconfiguration algorithm to the torus array. We describe the reconfiguration strategy for the 1(1/2)-track switch torus array and its realization using WSI, especially 3-dimensional realization. A hardware realization of the algorithm is proposed and simulation results about the array reliability are shown. These imply that a self-reconfigurable system with no host computer can be realized using our method, hence our method is effective in enhancing the run-time reliability as well as the fabrication-time yield of processor arrays.

This paper presents methods for estimating the ocean wavelength in satellite altimetry and discusses the possibility of detecting the ocean wavelength. Numerical analyses show that there exists a relation between the significant wavelength and the pulse-to-pulse correlation coefficient. Presented methods are based on processing the data of existing satellite altimeters. Accordingly, we will be able to propose a method for measuring the wavelength without a large change in existing altimetry system.

In the present GHz-clock high-density LSI, a design of signal lines is getting so critical that the transmission line analysis should be introduced to signal line design. This leads to the complex design of line structure and i/o drivers including impedance matching. Our target is to implement a system-in-package (SiP) for software-defined-radio (SDR). The SiP operates up to 10 GHz, and requires a compact and high-density packaging technology with a simple signal wiring design. In this paper, we propose a new concept of 3-D multilayer-stacked SiP. The new 3-D packaging concept includes (1) design guideline for interconnection lengths, (2) bridging register circuits in LSI chips, (3) flip-chip microbump bonding technology of chips onto system-buildup printed wiring boards (PWB), (4) multilayer-stacked 3-D package of several sets of chips and PWB, and (5) 100-µm-diameter bumps at peripheral region of PWB as vertical via-bump bus lines. A critical interconnect length, in which interconnect wiring is treated as a conventional RC line, is discussed for wiring design. Both wiring lengths in LSI chips and that among chips corresponding to total thickness of vertical bus lines are designed to be shorter than the critical length. The key points of the 3-D package for GHz signal transfer are a delay guarantee due to limitation of line length and separation between local lines in a chip and a bus line among chips.

We present iterative round-robin matching for an input and output buffered switch with multiple switching planes. The suggested algorithm is based on iSLIP and consists of request, grant and accept steps. The pointer update scheme of iSLIP is altered in the suggested algorithm to enhance the switch performance. Simulation results under Bernoulli traffic show the suggested algorithm is more appropriate than iSLIP for cell scheduling of input and output buffered switches.

Partially depleted SOI technology with body-tied hybrid trench isolation was developed in order to counteract floating body effects which offers negative impact on the drive current of transistors and the stability of circuit operation while maintaining SOI's specific merits such as high speed operation and low power consumption. The feasibility of this technology and its superior soft error effects were demonstrated by a fully functional 4M-bit SRAM. Its radio frequency characteristics were also evaluated and it was verified that high-performance transistors and passive elements can be realized by the combination of the SOI structure and a high-resistivity substrate. Moreover, its application to a 2.5 GHz digital IC for optical communication was also demonstrated. Thus it was proven that the body-tied SOI devices with the hybrid trench isolation is suitable to realize intelligent and reliable high-speed system-on-a chip integrating various IP's.

We describe a simple all-optical wavelength converter based on a Fabry-Perot semiconductor optical amplifier (FPSOA). We measure its static characteristics in detail and successfully demonstrate its dynamic wavelength-conversion operation (both inverted and non-inverted) at 2.5 Gbit/s. This is the first demonstration of FPSOA-based wavelength conversion. Quasi-digital response is also observed. Low input power, ease of fabrication and good compatibility with WDM networks are important advantages of FPSOA.

Telepresentations will be popular in the future of ubiquitous digital media. To realize a telepresentation easily over the Internet, we design a communication protocol to control a remote material (digital media) used in a telepresentation. We describe our proposed protocol; RMOP (Remote Material Operation Protocol) in this paper. This protocol specifies commands for material operations such as synchronization of slides, drawing, and pointing. Since this protocol just specifies the common formats through IP networks independent of special functions of presentation tools, it can be applied to various presentation tools. To design the protocol, we consider the trade-off between reliability of IP multicast and practical availability in the actual Internet. We adopt the reliable multicast mechanism to improve reliability but not to lose practicality in the protocol. Also, we describe an implementation of our prototype system using RMOP for a telepresentation. Then we show some evaluations such as the protocol overhead and comparisons with the other existing systems. Last, we show a case study of a telepresentation over the Internet using our system.

Reactive sputtering of a metallic target in DC planar magnetron discharge shows a drastic mode transition between metallic and oxide modes. To describe the experimental results quantitatively, a new reactive sputtering model including the secondary electron emission coefficient of a target has been developed. The model is based on a simple reactive gas balance model proposed by Berg et al., and can quantitatively describe experimental results such as the oxygen flow rate dependence of deposition rate and discharge, observed for MgO sputter-deposition.

In this letter, blind adaptive H multiuser detection is developed by employing a generalized sidelobe canceler (GSC) with and without subweight partition scheme. It is shown that the adaptive H algorithm with subweight approach has the advantages of fast convergence speed, insensitivity of dynamic estimate error, and suitability for arbitrary ambient noise over the conventional H and the RLS-based adaptive algorithms.

An advanced spare-connection scheme for K-out-of-N redundancy is proposed for constructing fault-tolerant ring- or toroidal mesh-connected processing-node arrays able to enhance emulation of binary hypercubes by using bypass networks. With this scheme, a component redundancy configuration for a base array with a fixed number of primary nodes, such as that for 8-node ring or 32-node toroidal mesh, can be constructed by using bypass links with a segmented bus structure to selectively connect the primary nodes to a spare node in parallel. These bypass links are allocated to the primary nodes by graph-node coloring with a minimum inter-node distance of three in order to use the bypass links as the hypercube connections as well as to attain strong fault tolerance for reconfiguring the base array with the primary network topology. An extended redundancy configuration for a large fault-tolerant array can be constructed by connecting the component configurations by using external switches of a hub type provided at the bus nodes of the bypass links. This configuration has a network topology of the parallel star-connections of sub-hypercubes whose diameter is smaller than that of the regular hypercube.