Lighting constrained visible-light communications are expected as indoor communications of next generation. In lighting constrained visible-light communications, lighting devices are used not only for illuminating rooms but also for optical wireless communications. For lighting constrained visible-light communications, we have been proposed a variable N-parallel code-shift-keying (VN-CSK) using a modified prime sequence code (MPSC). The VN-CSK system using MPSC has not only a suppression function for reducing co-channel interference from neighboring lighting devices, but also a function for keeping constant data transmission regardless of dimming control. In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) of the VN-CSK system using MPSC is derived under an indoor visible-light communication channel by theoretical analysis. Moreover, we evaluate the BER performance for the brightness level (dimming control stage).

In the past two decades, many generalized cyclotomic sequences have been constructed and they have been used in cryptography and communication systems for their high linear complexity and low autocorrelation. But there are a few of papers focusing on the 2-adic complexities of such sequences. In this paper, we first give a property of a class of Gaussian periods based on Whiteman's generalized cyclotomic classes of order 4. Then, as an application of this property, we study the 2-adic complexity of a class of Whiteman's generalized cyclotomic sequences constructed from two distinct primes p and q. We prove that the 2-adic complexity of this class of sequences of period pq is lower bounded by pq-p-q-1. This lower bound is at least greater than one half of its period and thus it shows that this class of sequences can resist against the rational approximation algorithm (RAA) attack.

We studied complicated superstable periodic orbits (SSPOs) in a spiking neuron model with a rectangular threshold signal. The neuron exhibited SSPOs with various periods that changed dramatically when we varied the parameter space. Using a one-dimensional return map defined by the spike phase, we evaluated period changes and showed its complicated distribution. Finally, we constructed a test circuit to confirm the typical phenomena displayed by the mathematical model.

A 4.5-/4.9-GHz band-selective GaN HEMT high-efficiency power amplifier has been designed and evaluated for next-generation wireless communication systems. An optimum termination impedance for each high-efficiency operation band was changed by using PIN diodes inserted into a harmonic treatment circuit at the output side. In order to minimize the influence of the insertion loss of the PIN diodes, an additional line is arranged in parallel with the open-ended stub used for second harmonic treatment, and the line and stub are connected with the PIN diodes to change the effective characteristic impedance. The fabricated GaN HEMT amplifier achieved a maximum power-added efficiency of 57% and 66% and a maximum drain efficiency of 62% and 70% at 4.6 and 5.0GHz, respectively, with a saturated output power of 38dBm, for each switched condition.

MICKEY-family ciphers are lightweight cryptographic primitives and include a register R determined by two related maximal-period linear transformations. Provided that primitivity is efficiently decided in finite fields, it is shown by quantitative analysis that potential parameters for R can be found in probabilistic polynomial time.

The k-error linear complexity of a sequence is a fundamental concept for assessing the stability of the linear complexity. After computing the k-error linear complexity of a sequence, those bits that cause the linear complexity reduced also need to be determined. For binary sequences with period 2pn, where p is an odd prime and 2 is a primitive root modulo p2, we present an algorithm which computes the minimum number k such that the k-error linear complexity is not greater than a given constant c. The corresponding error sequence is also obtained.

This letter proposes a numerical method for approximating the location of and dynamics on a class of chaotic saddles. In contrast to the conventional strategy of maximizing the escape time, our proposal is to impose a zero-expansion condition along transversely repelling directions of chaotic saddles. This strategy exploits the existence of skeleton-forming unstable periodic orbits embedded in chaotic saddles, and thus can be conveniently implemented as a variant of subspace Newton-type methods. The algorithm is examined through an illustrative and another standard example.

Quadrant silicon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) were fabricated by standard 0.18µm CMOS process, and were characterized at 405nm wavelength for Blu-ray applications. The size of each APD element is 50×50µm2. The dark current was 10pA at low bias voltage, and low crosstalk of about -80dB between adjacent APD elements was achieved. Although the responsivity is less than 0.1A/W at low bias voltage, the responsivity is enhanced to more than 1A/W at less than 10V bias voltage due to avalanche amplification. The wide bandwidth of 1.5GHz was achieved with the responsivity of more than 1A/W, which is limited by the capacitance of the APD. We believe that the fabricated quadrant APD is a promising photodiode for multi-layer Blu-ray system.

By interleaving known Z-periodic complementary (ZPC) sequence set, a new ZPC sequence set is constructed with multiple ZPC sequence subsets based on an orthogonal matrix in this work. For this novel ZPC sequence set, which refer to as asymmetric ZPC (AZPC) sequence set, its inter-subset zero cross-correlation zone (ZCCZ) is larger than intra-subset zero correlation zone (ZCZ). In particular, if select a periodic perfect complementary (PC) sequence or PC sequence set and a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, the resultant sequence set is an inter-group complementary (IGC) sequence set. When a suitable shift sequence is chosen, the obtained IGC sequence set will be optimal in terms of the corresponding theoretical bound. Compared with the existing constructions of IGC sequence sets, the proposed method can provide not only flexible ZCZ width but also flexible choice of basic sequences, which works well in both synchronous and asynchronous operational modes. The proposed AZPC sequence sets are suitable for multiuser environments.

In this research, we propose an effective stability analysis method to impacting systems with periodically moving borders (periodic borders). First, we describe an n-dimensional impacting system with periodic borders. Subsequently, we present an algorithm based on a stability analysis method using the monodromy matrix for calculating stability of the waveform. This approach requires the state-transition matrix be related to the impact phenomenon, which is known as the saltation matrix. In an earlier study, the expression for the saltation matrix was derived assuming a static border (fixed border). In this research, we derive an expression for the saltation matrix for a periodic border. We confirm the performance of the proposed method, which is also applicable to systems with fixed borders, by applying it to an impacting system with a periodic border. Using this approach, we analyze the bifurcation of an impacting system with a periodic border by computing the evolution of the stable and unstable periodic waveform. We demonstrate a discontinuous change of the periodic points, which occurs when a periodic point collides with a border, in the one-parameter bifurcation diagram.

Hard-type oscillators for ultrahigh frequency applications were proposed based on resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) and a HEMT trigger circuit. The hard-type oscillators initiate oscillation only after external excitation. This is advantageous for suppressing the spurious oscillation in the bias line, which is one of the most significant problems in the RTD oscillators. We first investigated a series-connected circuit of a resistor and an RTD for constructing a hard-type oscillator. We carried out circuit simulation using the practical device parameters. It was demonstrated that the stable oscillation can be obtained for such oscillators. Next, we proposed to use series-connected RTDs for the gain block of the hard-type oscillators. The series circuits of RTDs show the negative differential resistance in very narrow regions, or no regions at all, which makes impossible to use such circuits for the conventional soft-type oscillators. However, with the trigger circuit, they can be used for hard-type oscillators. We confirmed the oscillation and the bias stability of these oscillators, and also demonstrated that the voltage swing can be easily increased by increasing the number of RTDs connected in series. This is promising method to overcome the power restriction of the RTD oscillators.

In this paper, a simple pattern reconfigurable antenna with broadband circular polarization is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of four rectangular loops, a feeding network and four reflectors. Circular polarization is achieved by cutting two slots on opposite sides of the loops. By controlling the states of the four PIN diodes present in the feeding network, the proposed antenna can achieve four different pattern modes at the same frequency. Experiments show that the antenna has a bandwidth of 47.6% covering 1.73-2.81GHz for reflection coefficient (|S11|)<-10dB and a bandwidth of 55% covering 1.62-2.85GHz for axial ratio <3dB. The average gain is 8.5dBi and the radiation patterns are stable.

In this letter, based on orthogonal Golay sequence sets and orthogonal matrices, general constructions of zero correlation zone (ZCZ) aperiodic complementary sequence (ZACS) sets are proposed. The resultant ZACSs have column sequence peak-to-mean envelop power ratio (PMEPR) of at most 2, and the parameters of the sequence sets are optimal with respect to the theoretical bound. The novel ZACS sets are suitable for approximately synchronized multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) communication systems.

Phase locking with frequency tuning is demonstrated for a resonant-tunneling-diode terahertz oscillator integrated with a biased varactor diode. The tuning range of oscillation frequency is 606-613GHz. The phase noise in the output of the oscillator is transformed to amplitude noise, and fed back to the varactor diode together with bias voltage. The spectral linewidth at least <2Hz was obtained at the oscillation frequencies tuned by the bias voltage of the varactor diode.

This paper proposes a genetic algorithm (GA) based design method for arbitrarily-shaped resonant elements that offer enhanced reflectarray antenna performance. All elements have the specified phase property over the range of 360°, and also have dual-polarization and low cross-polarization properties for better reflectarray performance. In addition, the proposal is suitable for linear-to-circular polarization conversion elements. Thus, polarizer reflectarray elements are also presented in this paper. The proposed elements are validated using both numerical simulations and experiments.

This paper deals with the scattering of a cylindrical wave by a perfectly conductive periodic surface. This problem is equivalent to finding the Green's function G(x,z|xs,zs), where (x,z) and (xs,zs) are the observation and radiation source positions above the periodic surface, respectively. It is widely known that the Green's function satisfies the reciprocity: G(x,z|xs,zs)=G(xs,zs|x,z), where G(xs,zs|x,z) is named the reversal Green's function in this paper. So far, there is no numerical method to synthesize the Green's function with the reciprocal property in the grating theory. By combining the shadow theory, the reciprocity theorem for scattering factors and the average filter introduced previously, this paper gives a new numerical method to synthesize the Green's function with reciprocal property. The reciprocity means that any properties of the Green's function can be obtained from the reversal Green's function. Taking this fact, this paper obtains several new formulae on the radiation and scattering from the reversal Green's function, such as a spectral representation of the Green's function, an asymptotic expression of the Green's function in the far region, the angular distribution of radiation power, the total power of radiation and the relative error of power balance. These formulae are simple and easy to use. Numerical examples are given for a very rough periodic surface. Several properties of the radiation and scattering are calculated for a transverse magnetic (TM) case and illustrated in figures.

This paper newly proposes a fast computation technique on the method of image Green's function for p-characteristic calculations, when a plane wave with the transverse wavenumber p is incident on a periodic rough surface having perfect conductivity. In the computation of p-characteristics, based on a spectral domain periodicity of the periodic image Green's function, the image integral equation for a given incidence p maintains the same form for other particular incidences except for the excitation term. By means of a quadrature method, such image integral equations lead to matrix equations. Once the first given matrix equation is performed by a solution procedure as calculations of its matrix elements and its inverse matrix, the other matrix equations for other particular incidences no longer need such a solution procedure. Thus, the total CPU time for the computation of p-characteristics is largely reduced in complex shaped surface cases, huge roughness cases or large period cases.

Photo Diode Array (PDA) is the key semiconductor component expected to produce specified output voltage in photo couplers and photo sensors when the light is on. PDA partitioning problem, which is to design PDA, is: Given die area, anode and cathode points, divide the area into N cells, with identical areas, connected in series from anode to cathode. In this paper, we first make restrictions for the problem and reveal the underlying properties of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions when the restrictions are satisfied. Then, we propose a method to solve the problem using recursive algorithm, which can be guaranteed to obtain a solution in polynomial time.

Nowadays, semiconductor quantum dots have attracted intense attention as emissive materials for light-emitting diodes, due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield and the controllability of their photoluminescence spectrum by changing the core diameter. In general, semiconductor quantum dots contain large amounts of organic ligands around the core/shell structure to obtain dispersibility in solution, which leads to solution processability of the semiconductor quantum dot. Furthermore, organic ligands, such as straight alkyl chains, are generally insulating materials, which affects the carrier transport in thin-film light-emitting diodes. However, a detailed investigation has not been performed yet. In this paper, we investigated the luminance characteristics of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes containing ZnCuInS2 quantum dots with different carbon chain lengths of alkyl thiol ligands as emitting layers. By evaluating the CH2/CH3 ratio from Fourier-transform infrared spectra and thermal analysis, it was found that approximately half of the oleylamine ligands were converted to alkyl thiol ligands, and the evaporation temperature increased with increasing carbon chain length of the alkyl thiol ligands based on thermogravimetric analysis. However, the photoluminescence quantum yield and the spectral shape were almost the same, even after the ligand-exchange process from the oleylamine ligand to the alkyl thiol ligand. The peak wavelength of the photoluminescence spectra and the photoluminescence quantum yield were approximately 610 nm and 10%, respectively, for all samples. In addition, the surface morphology of spin coated ZnCuInS2 quantum-dot layers did not change after the ligand-exchange process, and the root-mean-square roughness was around 1 nm. Finally, the luminance efficiency of an inverted device structure increased with decreasing carbon chain length of the alkyl thiol ligands, which were connected around the ZnCuInS2 quantum dots. The maximum luminance and current efficiency were 86 cd/m2 and 0.083 cd/A, respectively.

We newly propose the first lateral mode selective active multimode interferometer laser diode. The design principle is to arrange identical propagation path of different lateral mode. Thanks to multimode waveguide structure, 0th mode and 1st order mode has individual propagation path within one device. Individual lasing of fundamental mode as well as first mode was confirmed successfully.