A scheme for a low-voltage CMOS syllabic-companding log domain filter with wide dynamic range is proposed and its prototype is presented. A nodal voltage which is fixed in a conventional filter based on the dynamically adjustable biasing (DAB) technique is adapted for change of input envelope to achieve wide dynamic range. Externally linear and time invariant (ELTI) relation between an input and an output is guaranteed by a state variable correction (SVC) circuit which is also proposed for low-voltage operation. To demonstrate the proposed scheme, a fifth-order Chebychev low-pass filter with 100-kHz cutoff frequency is designed and fabricated in a standard 0.35-µm CMOS process. The filter has a 78-dB dynamic range and consumes 200-µW power from a 0.8-V power supply.

This paper presents a CMOS A/D converter based on the folding and interpolating technique. A current steering folder composed of differential pairs allows low power operation and an interpolation is used for high speed with low supply voltage. In a folding circuit, only twenty-three MOSFETs are required to have eight reference voltages of an 8-b A/D converter. The interpolation is implemented with a current division technique to generate 32 folding signals. This approach requires much less area and power consumption than other conventional flash A/D converter. The simulation in a 0.35 µm CMOS process achieves 8-b resolution at 250 Msample/s with power consumption 70 mW at 3.3 V power supply. The preliminary experiment indicates the current steering folder and coarse bits operate as expected.

Cognitive radio, which utilizes the radio frequency spectrum efficiently by recognizing radio resource availability, is an attractive technology for overcoming the shortage of radio frequency. From the perspective of networking, cognitive radio technologies are also useful since they allow flexible network construction. This paper proposes base station networks using cognitive radio technologies. In order to achieve efficient utilization of the radio frequency spectrum and flexible network construction, we also propose a topology management and route control method for our proposed base station network. Our method shares the status of the wireless links along with topology information and establishes routes by using this information. Through simulation, we evaluate that our method significantly improves the throughput by efficient utilization of the radio frequency spectrum. Moreover, we demonstrate that our method works well when the size of the network gets larger.

Recently Tate pairing and its variations are attracted in cryptography. Their operations consist of a main iteration loop and a final exponentiation. The final exponentiation is necessary for generating a unique value of the bilinear pairing in the extension fields. The speed of the main loop has become fast by the recent improvements, e.g., the Duursma-Lee algorithm and ηT pairing. In this paper we discuss how to enhance the speed of the final exponentiation of the ηT pairing in the extension field F36n. Indeed, we propose some efficient algorithms using the torus T2(F33n) that can efficiently compute an inversion and a powering by 3n + 1. Consequently, the total processing cost of computing the ηT pairing can be reduced by 16% for n=97.

In this paper, an evolutionary approach is proposed to obtain a discrete-time state-space interval model for uncertain continuous-time systems having interval uncertainties. Based on a worst-case analysis, the problem to derive the discrete interval model is first formulated as multiple mono-objective optimization problems for matrix-value functions associated with the discrete system matrices, and subsequently optimized via a proposed genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain the lower and upper bounds of the entries in the system matrices. To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, roots clustering of the characteristic equation of the obtained discrete interval model is illustrated for comparison with those obtained via existing methods.

This paper proposes a novel Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system based on polynomial cancellation coded OFDM (PCC-OFDM). This proposed system can reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by our neural phase rotator and it does not need any side information to transmit phase rotation factors. Moreover, this system can compensate the common phase error (CPE) by a proposed technique which allows estimating frequency offset at receiver. From numerical experiments, it is shown that our system can reduce PAPR and ICI at the same time and improve BER performance effectively.

In recent years, certain countermeasures against differential power analysis (DPA) at the logic level have been proposed. Recently, Popp and Mangard proposed a new countermeasure-masked dual-rail pre-charge logic (MDPL); this countermeasure combines dual-rail circuits with random masking to improve the wave dynamic differential logic (WDDL). They claimed that it could implement secure circuits using a standard CMOS cell library without special constraints for the place-and-route method because the difference between the loading capacitances of all the pairs of complementary logic gates in MDPL can be compensated for by the random masking. In this paper, we particularly focus on the signal transition of MDPL gates and evaluate the DPA-resistance of MDPL in detail. Our evaluation results reveal that when the input signals have different delay times, leakage occurs in the MDPL as well as WDDL gates, even if MDPL is effective in reducing the leakage caused by the difference in loading capacitances. Furthermore, in order to validate our evaluation, we demonstrate a problem with different input signal delays by conducting measurements for an FPGA.

Visual tracking is required by many vision applications such as human-computer interfaces and human-robot interactions. However, in daily living spaces where such applications are assumed to be used, stable tracking is often difficult because there are many objects which can cause the visual occlusion. While conventional tracking techniques can handle, to some extent, partial and short-term occlusion, they fail when presented with complete occlusion over long periods. They also cannot handle the case that an occluder such as a box and a bag contains and carries the tracking target inside itself, that is, the case that the target invisibly moves while being contained by the occluder. In this paper, to handle this occlusion problem, we propose a method for visual tracking by a particle filter, which switches tracking targets autonomously. In our method, if occlusion occurs during tracking, a model of the occluder is dynamically created and the tracking target is switched to this model. Thus, our method enables the tracker to indirectly track the "invisible target" by switching its target to the occluder effectively. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method.

A novel low insertion-loss and wideband microstrip bandpass filter has been designed and tested. The basic configuration of this novel dual-mode filter is a square ring resonator with direct-connected orthogonal feed lines, and dual-perturbation elements are introduced within the resonator at symmetrical location. The effects of the size of the perturbation element are studied. A new filter having wider bandwidth and transmission zeros are presented. The proposed filter responses are in good agreement with the simulations and experiments.

In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to compute the optimal number of clusters that minimizes the energy consumption of multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In the proposed analytical model, the average hop count between a general node (GN) and its nearest clusterhead (CH) is obtained assuming a uniform distribution. How the position of the sink impacts the optimal number of clusters is also discussed. A numerical simulation is carried out to validate the proposed model in various network environments.

This paper deals with the scattering of a transverse magnetic (TM) plane wave from a perfectly conductive sinusoidal surface with finite extent. By use of the undersampling approximation and a rectangular pulse approximation, an asymptotic formula for the total scattering cross section at a low grazing limit of incident angle is obtained explicitly under conditions such that the surface is small in roughness and slope, and the corrugation width is sufficiently large. The formula shows that the total scattering cross section is proportional to the square root of the corrugation width but does not depend on the surface period and surface roughness. When the corrugation width is not large, however, the scattered wave can be obtained by a single scattering approximation, which gives the total scattering cross section proportional to the corrugation width and the Rayleigh slope parameter. From the asymptotic formula and the single scattering solution, a transition point is defined explicitly. By comparison with numerical results, it is concluded that the asymptotic formula is fairly accurate when the corrugation width is much larger than the transition point.

The concept of placing enormous Solar Power Satellite (SPS) systems in space represents one of a handful of new technological options that might provide large scale, environmentally clean base load power to terrestrial markets. Recent advances in space exploration have shown a great need for antennas with high resolution, high gain and low side lobe level (SLL). The last characteristic is of paramount importance especially for the Microwave Power Transmission (MPT) in order to achieve higher transmitting efficiency (TE) and higher beam collection efficiency (BCE). In order to achieve low side lobe levels, statistical methods play an important role. Various interesting properties of a large antenna arrays with randomly, uniformly and combined spacing of elements have been studied, especially the relationship between the required number of elements and their appropriate spacing from one viewpoint and the desired SLL, the aperture dimension, the beamwidth and TE from the other. We propose a new unified approach in searching for reducing SLL by exploiting the interaction of deterministic and stochastic workspaces of proposed algorithms. Our models indicate the side lobe levels in a large area around the main beam and strongly reduce SLL in the entire visible range. A new concept of designing a large antenna array system is proposed. Our theoretic study and simulation results clarify how to deal with the problems of side lobes in designing a large antenna array, which seems to be an important step toward the realization of future SPS/MPT systems.

This paper studies a method for transforming ordinary cryptographic primitives to new harder primitives. Such a method is expected to lead to general schemes that make present cryptosystems secure against the attack of quantum computers. We propose a general technique to construct a new function from an ordinary primitive function f with a help of another hard function g so that the resulting function is to be new hard primitives. We call this technique a lifting of f by g. We show that the lifted function is harder than original functions under some simple conditions.

The Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the IEEE P1900.4 Working Group (WG), under the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 41 (SCC41) was approved in December 2006, leading to this WG being officially launched in February 2007 [1]. The scope of this standard is to devise a functional architecture comprising building blocks to enable coordinated network-device distributed decision making, with the goal of aiding the optimization of radio resource usage, including spectrum access control, in heterogeneous wireless access networks. This paper introduces the activities and work under progress in IEEE P1900.4, including its scope and purpose in Sects. 1 and 2, the reference usage scenarios where the standard would be applicable in Sect. 4, and its current system architecture in Sect. 5.

A transverse magnetic (TM) plane wave is diffracted by a periodic surface into discrete directions. However, only the reflection and no diffraction take place when the angle of incidence becomes a low grazing limit. On the other hand, the scattering occurs even at such a limit, if the periodic surface is finite in extent. To solve such contradiction, this paper deals with the scattering from a perfectly conductive sinusoidal surface with finite extent. By the undersampling approximation introduced previously, the total scattering cross section is numerically calculated against the angle of incidence for several corrugation widths up to more than 104 times of wavelength. It is then found that the total scattering cross section is linearly proportional to the corrugation width in general. But an exception takes place at a low grazing limit of incidence, where the total scattering cross section increases almost proportional to the square root of the corrugation width. This suggests that, when the corrugation width goes to infinity, the total scattering cross section diverges and the total scattering cross section per unit surface vanishes at a low grazing limit of incidence. Then, it is concluded that, at a low grazing limit of incidence, no diffraction takes place by a periodic surface with infinite extent and the scattering occurs from a periodic surface with finite extent.

A novel Uniform Discrete Multitone (DMT) transceiver is proposed, utilizing a wavelet packet based filter bank transmultiplexer in conjunction with a DMT transceiver. The proposed transceiver decomposes the channel spectrum into subbands of equal bandwidth. The objective is to minimize the bit error rate (BER), which is increased by channel-noise amplification. This noise amplification is due to the Zero-Forcing equalization (ZFE) technique. Quantization of the channel-noise amplification is presented, based on post-equalization signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and probability of error in all subbands of the Uniform DMT system. A modified power loading algorithm is applied to allocate variable power according to subband gains. A BER performance comparison of the Uniform DMT with variable and uniform power-loading and with a conventional DMT system in a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) channel is presented.

In this paper we analyze the characteristics of vehicle mobility and propose a novel Mobility Prediction Progressive Routing (MP2R) protocol for Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) that is based on cross-layer design. MP2R utilizes the additional gain provided by the directional antennas to improve link quality and connectivity; interference is reduced by the directional transmission. Each node learns its own position and speed and that of other nodes, and performs position prediction. (i) With the predicted progress and link quality, the forwarding decision of a packet is locally made, just before the packet is actually transmitted. In addition the load at the forwarder is considered in order to avoid congestion. (ii) The predicted geographic direction is used to control the beam of the directional antenna. The proposed MP2R protocol is especially suitable for forwarding burst traffic in highly mobile environments. Simulation results show that MP2R effectively reduces Packet Error Ratio (PER) compared with both topology-based routing (AODV [1], FSR [2]) and normal progressive routing (NADV [18]) in the IVC scenarios.

We have derived the novel extended UTD (Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction) solution and the novel modified UTD solution for the back scattering of an incident whispering gallery (WG) mode on the edge of a cylindrically curved conducting sheet. By comparing with the reference solution obtained from the integral representation of the scattered field by integrating numerically along the integration path, we have confirmed the validity and the utility of the novel asymptotic solutions proposed in the present study. It is shown that the extended UTD solution can be connected smoothly to the modified UTD solution on the geometrical boundary separating the edge-diffracted ray and the surface-diffracted ray.

Implementation of RFID reader/writer on software defined radio is studied in this paper. The target RFID is ISO18000-3 mode 2 which has 8 reply channels for simultaneous communication with 8 different RFID tags. In the software defined radio architecture, the 8 reply channels are sampled at a single A/D converter and separated by digital down converters, whereas conventional RFID architecture has redundant 8 parallel analog down converters. A novel multi-stage transmultiplexing digital down converter is proposed for efficient implementation of multi-channel digital down converter. Moreover the proposed architecture is implemented on a FPGA evaluation board, and validity of the system is confirmed on a real hardware. The proposed architecture can be applied to multi-channel receiver for dynamic spectrum system in the cognitive radio.

Shot transition detection is a core technology in video browsing, indexing systems and information retrieval. In this paper we propose a dissolve detection algorithm using the characteristics of edge in MPEG compressed video. Using the intensity change information of edge pixels obtained by Sobel edge detector, we detect the location of a dissolve and its precise duration. We also present a new reliable method to eliminate the false dissolves. The proposed algorithm is tested in various types of videos, and the experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and robust.