In this paper, we propose an accurate and scalable S-parameter de-embedding method for RF/microwave on-wafer characterization of silicon MOSFETs. Based on cascade configurations, this method utilizes planar open, short, and thru standards to estimate the effects of surrounding parasitic networks on a MOS transistor. The bulk-shielded open and short standards are used to simulate and de-embed the probe-pad parasitics. The thru standard are used to extract the interconnect parameters for subtracting the interconnect parasitics in gate and drain terminals of the MOSFET. To further eliminate the parasitics of dangling leg in source terminal of the MOSFET, we also introduce the microwave and multi-port network analysis to accomplish the two-port-to-three-port transformation for S-parameters. The MOSFET and its corresponding de-embedding standards were fabricated in a standard CMOS process and characterized up to 40 GHz. The scalability of the open, short, and thru standards is demonstrated and the performance of the proposed de-embedding procedure is validated by comparison with several de-embedding techniques.

A particle for artificial magnetic materials in microwave frequency is proposed. It has simple structure composed of two parallel metal strips and is suitable to make a thin material extending in the transverse plane. In order to grasp the characteristic the effective permeability is formulated in the form of a transmission line. The characteristics of effective permeability are discussed based on the transmission line model for miniaturization and increase of the permeability. After discussing the reflection from materials with negative permeability or negative permittivity, a high impedance material is constituted. Total reflection with zero phase from the material composed of modified magnetic particles is measured in a waveguide.

Two-Thickness-Method (TTM) based on an open-ended coaxial probe was investigated with an emphasis on uncertainty analysis to perfect this technique. Uncertainty equations in differential forms are established for the simultaneous measurement of complex electromagnetic (EM) parameters in the systematical consideration of various error factors in measurement. Worst-case differential uncertainty equations were defined while the implicit partial derivation techniques were used to find the coefficients in formulation. The relations between the uncertainties and test sample's thicknesses were depicted via 3D figures, while the influence of the coaxial line's dimension on the measurement accuracy is also included based on the same analysis method. The comparisons between the measured errors and theoretical uncertainty prediction are given for several samples, which validate the effectiveness of our analysis.

The trend of microwave circuits has been toward highly integrated systems. Most design tools for designing microwave circuits mounted the linear or the nonlinear devices adopt the fundamental circuit theory using the S matrix on the frequency domain. The harmonic balance method is also used to correspond to the nonlinear circuit. Therefore, the effect of the electromagnetic field, for example, a mutual coupling between sub-circuits through the space is almost disregarded. To calculate these circuits included its surrounding electromagnetic field, the finite difference time domain method combined with the equivalent circuit simulation had been presented as the lumped element FDTD (LE-FDTD) method. In general, even if an analytical target is a linear circuit, the FDTD method requires very long analytical time. In this paper, we propose an efficient LE-FDTD method to reduce the analytical time. We investigate its efficiency to compare with the conventional LE-FDTD method or measurements, consequently, it is confirmed that the proposal method requires only at analytical time of 1/10 compared with the conventional method. We also show that the proposal method is able to analyze characteristics of the active integrated antenna (AIA) which are practicably impossible to analyze by using the conventional method.

This paper presents design of an alternating-phase fed single-layer slotted waveguide array for a sector shaped beam in the E-plane radiation pattern. A sector beam pattern is very effective for radar applications for detecting obstacles in a certain angular range without mechanical or electronic scanning. The sector shaped beam with 13 degree beam width is synthesized by a cascade of T-junctions in the feed waveguide which excite the radiating waveguides with a longitudinal shunt slot array. In order to realize the required excitation distribution of the radiating waveguides for the sector shaped beam, 30 T-junctions with symmetrical arrangement are designed by tuning a width of the coupling window, an offset of the window, and a width of the feed waveguide cascaded to the subsequent T-junction, respectively. Design and measurement are performed in 60 GHz band. The prototype antenna assembles easily; the slotted plate is just tacked on the groove feed structure and is fixed by screws at the periphery, which is the key advantage of the alternating-phase fed arrays. The measured sector pattern with low sidelobe level agrees well with the predicted one. Validity of the sector beam design as well as the performance of the alternating-phase fed array is confirmed by the measurement.

Endothelial cell adhesion and growth were investigated on three types of surfaces with a plasma-polymerized coating (PPC): (1) the pristine surface of a hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) PPC (hydrophobic, electrically neutral surface); (2) an HMDS PPC surface with nitrogen-containing plasma treatment (hydrophilic, positively charged surface); and (3) an HMDS PPC surface treated with oxygen plasma (hydrophilic, negatively charged surface). Endothelial cells grew on surface (2) but not on surfaces (1) or (3). Next, endothelial cell adhesion and growth was investigated on a surface on which 80-µm squares were micro-patterned at 160-µm intervals in a mosaic composed of two different (cell-adhesive and non-cell-adhesive) regions. Cell growth on the patterned surfaces was different from that on non-patterned surfaces. PPC was shown to be a simple process for modulating cell adhesion to surfaces.

This letter proposes a group-based distributed air index (called GDI) using two-leveled groups by partitioning the identifiers of data items to reduce the size of the index. GDI provides both global and local views of data items and multiple pointers to data items in a single access to an index. Simulation results show that GDI outperforms the existing index in terms of multiple data access, energy conservation and data waiting time.

An experimental study concerning Ultra Wideband (UWB) Microwave Radar for breast cancer detection is described. A simple phantom, consisting of a cylindrical plastic container with a low dielectric constant material imitating fatty tissues and a high dielectric constant object emulating tumour, is scanned with a tapered slot antenna operating between 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. A successful detection of a target is accomplished by a visual inspection of a two-dimensional image of the scanned phantom

This paper proposes a design method of a Doherty amplifier, which can determine the most efficient backed-off point of the amplifier by adjusting a load modulation parameter. The parameter is defined through the design of output transmission line of a carrier and a peak amplifier using a virtual open stub technique. This paper describes the design results using the technique to optimize efficiency of a Doherty amplifier for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal, and parameter adjustment for a linearized Doherty amplifier using an adaptive digital predistortion (ADPD). Applying this method, the developed 250 W ADPD Doherty amplifier has achieved drain efficiency of 43.4% and intermodulation (IM) distortion of -48.3 dBc with output power of 44.1 dBm (10.1 dB output backed-off) at 563 MHz using an OFDM signal for integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial (ISDB-T).

This paper presents an approximation method of statistical distribution of the largest eigenvalue of i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) MIMO (multiple input multiple output) channel correlation matrices under Nakagami-Rice fading environment. The equation is actually derived for MIMO Nakagami m fading channel which is known as a good approximation of Nakagami-Rice fading, hence it well approximates the curves of the largest eigenvalue distribution of noncentral Wishart matrices. In the proposed approximation method, MIMO MRC (maximal ratio combining) system is ascribed to SIMO space diversity theory with the same number of branches, and the statistical distribution becomes a monomial gamma distribution. As a result, the derived marginal density function does not contain any special functions, and has a simple monomial gamma form which is suitable for various calculations of performance indices. Through computer simulations, it is shown that the proposed approximation formula is effective and has a better precision than conventional method.

Basic microwave properties of magnetic photonic (MPC) and degenerate band edge (DBE) crystals are investigated mathematically and experimentally. Two dimensional and three dimensional models are considered demonstrating the very high sensitivity and field growth associated with these crystals. A major part of the paper deals with the development of realistic anisotropic periodic structures using a combination of layers constructed from thin film frequency selective surfaces, alumina, titanate and calcium vanadium garnet (CVG) materials. Measurements for antenna applications demonstrate and validate the theoretical performance of the MPC and DBE crystals. The latter part of the paper will present an exciting and promising development relating to microwave circuit applications. Specifically, a novel dual-line printed circuit is presented to emulate propagation in anisotropic media. As such, the MPC and DBE phenomena can be realized using very simple printed circuits (coupled lines). Lastly, physically small printed antennas and arrays based on the coupled transmission lines are presented.

This paper presents a miniaturized dual-mode Doherty PA module applicable for an HPSK signal and an OFDM 64-QAM signal. Dual-mode operation with identical hardware is realized by introducing a bias switching technique, which changes bias conditions of amplifiers according to transmission signals, and employing dual-mode matching circuits, which are designed based on the results of load-pull measurements using an HPSK signal and an OFDM 64-QAM signal. The Doherty PA module consists of a Doherty stage and a gain stage. Two GaAs-HBTs for a Doherty stage and one GaAs-HBT for a gain stage are integrated onto a 1 mm-square single GaAs-MMIC. In the HPSK mode, maximum output power of 26.7 dBm, power added efficiency (PAE) of 41%, and power gain of 27 dB are obtained in the condition that adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) is under -38 dBc. In the OFDM 64-QAM mode, maximum output power of 21.0 dBm, PAE of 27%, and power gain of 28 dB are obtained under EVM < 3.0%. This is the first multi-mode Doherty PA module suitable for multi peak to average power ratio (PAPR) signals.

Direction of arrival estimation of coherent multipath waves by using superresolution technique often requires decorrelation preprocessings. Spatial smoothing preprocessings are the most popular schemes as the techniques. In mobile environment, position change of the target/transmitter often brings us decorrelation effect. In addition, multiple signals transmitted by an antenna array, such as a MIMO transmitter, can also cause the same effect. These effects can be categorized as the spatial smoothing preprocessing at the transmitter. In this paper, we analyze the spatial smoothing effect at the transmitter in the presence of multipath coherent waves. Theoretical and simulation results show that the spatial smoothing at the transmitter has a good feature in comparison with the conventional SSP at the receiving array. We also show that better decorrelation performance can be obtained when the SSPs at the transmitter and receiving array are applied simultaneously.

A fully integrated 5.8 GHz ETC transceiver LSI has been developed. The transceiver consists of LNA, down-conversion MIX, ASK detector, ASK modulator, DA VCO, and ΔΣ-fractional-N PLL. The features of the transceiver are integrated matching circuitry for LNA input and for DA output, ASK modulator with VGA for local signal control to avoid local leakage and to keep suitable modulation index, and LO circuitry consisting of ΔΣ-fractional-N PLL and interference-robust ∞-shape inductor VCO to diminish magnetic coupling from any other circuitry. Use of these techniques enabled realization of the input and output VSWR of less than 1.25, modulation index of over 95%, and enough qualified TX signals. This transceiver was manufactured by 1P3M SiGe-BiCMOS process with 47 GHz cut-off frequency.

Near-field imaging has been intensively investigated to observe the shape and the physical properties of objects, aiming at wide applications in the areas of science and engineering. In this research, by using 60 GHz band waveguide-type microscopic aperture probe, the characteristics of the near-field imaging in transmission mode have been studied by simulation and experiment. The probe is made of a WR-15 rectangular waveguide with end-shielded metal plate and a 0.5 mm-diameter aperture. In the simulation, at first, the electric field distribution at the aperture, at the rear (waveguide) and the front positions (free space) are presented. Second, the transmitted electric fields are presented for three cases: (a) scanning of a dielectric slit, (b) by varying the distance between the aperture and a dielectric sample, and (c) scanning of a dielectric groove. In the experiment, the lateral resolution with a two-slit and the depth resolution with grooves having various depths in rectangular format are described and the results show both resolutions to be much shorter than the wavelength. Finally, the scanned images of the letter N punched through a dielectric material and a leaf are demonstrated.

We consider the blind recovery problem such that images embedded with side information are given, and we want to obtain the side information under some prescribed constraints. In this case, the system equation becomes y=Ax+b where in addition to the unknown A and x, b also is an unknown quantity and but clearly not a noise component. We assume that several images with the same embedding side information are given, and the image processing to b is described as the perturbation of A. We formulate the optimization function to obtain A, b and x, under the constraint of some finite brightness levels i.e. finite alphabets.

Recently, a lot of UWB antennas have been reported by many research groups. Most of the reported antennas have omnidirectional radiation characteristics. The disadvantage of using omnidirectional antennas is that the antenna performance can be degraded by adjacent walls or metals. If unidirectional UWB antennas are utilized, the degradation on the antenna performance due to omnidirectionality can be avoided. Another important topic in UWB antennas is the waveform distortion caused by antennas' transmission characteristics. In impulse-based UWB communications, waveform distortions of transmitted and received pulses caused by antennas deteriorate the communication performance. Therefore, the development of UWB antennas having small waveform distortions is highly desirable. In this paper, we propose a novel bowtie antenna using leaf-shaped radiating elements and a flat reflector. This antenna has unidirectional radiation patterns over the frequency range of 3.0 to 10.5 GHz. The actual gain in the maximum radiation direction is 6.0-9.0 dBi in the frequency range of 4.5-9.4 GHz (relative bandwidth of 71%). The cross-correlations between source pulse and received pulse waveforms are 0.89-0.94, and hence the waveform distortion caused by this antenna is relatively small. As a result, the proposed antenna is useful for impulse-based UWB communication systems using correlation detection.

Reliability-based hybrid ARQ (RB-HARQ) is a kind of incremental-redundancy ARQ recently introduced. In the RB-HARQ, the receiver returns both NAK signal and set of unreliable bit indices if the received sequence is not accepted. Since each unreliable bit index is determined by the bitwise posterior probability, better approximation of that probability becomes crucial as the number of retransmissions increases. Assuming the systematic code for the initial transmission, the proposed RB-HARQ scheme has the following two features: (a) the sender retransmits newly encoded and interleaved parity bits corresponding to the unreliable information bits; (b) the retransmitted parity bits as well as the initial received sequence are put all together to perform the message passing decoding i.e. the suboptimal MAP decoding. Finally, simulation results are shown to evaluate the above two features.

Leaky wave radiation from evanescent-mode left-handed (LH) transmission lines is investigated that are composed of a cut-off parallel plate waveguide loaded with a one-dimensional (1-D) array of the disc type dielectric resonators. The apertures are placed on side walls of the parallel plate waveguide. First of all, the dispersion diagram is numerically obtained with the complex eigenmode solutions. The simulated and measured backward wave radiation characteristics validate the backward wave propagation along the 1-D waveguides. Based on the concept, the backfire leaky wave antenna was designed and demonstrated with the 15-cell structure. The beam scanning with the operational frequency was achieved by more than 30 degrees.

In this paper, we propose a statistical approach to improve the performance of spectral quantization of speech coders. The proposed techniques compensate for the distortion in a decoded line spectrum pair (LSP) vector based on a statistical mapping function between a decoded LSP vector and its corresponding original LSP vector. We first develop two codebook-based probabilistic matching (CBPM) methods by investigating the distribution of LSP vectors. In addition, we propose an iterative procedure for the two CBPMs. Next, the proposed techniques are applied to the predictive vector quantizer (PVQ) used for the IS-641 speech coder. The experimental results show that the proposed techniques reduce average spectral distortion by around 0.064 dB and the percentage of outliers compared with the PVQ without any compensation, resulting in transparent quality of spectral quantization. Finally, the comparison of speech quality using the perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) measure is performed and it is shown that the IS-641 speech coder employing the proposed techniques has better decoded speech quality than the standard IS-641 speech coder.