We measured the complex permittivities of whole blood and blood plasma in quasi millimeter and millimeter wave bands using a coaxial probe method. The validity of these measurements was confirmed by comparing with those of a different measurement method, i.e., a dielectric tube method. It is shown that the complex permittivities of the blood samples are similar to those of water in quasi millimeter and millimeter wave bands. Furthermore, the temperature dependences of the complex permittivities of the samples were measured.

In this paper, we propose a new preemptive scheme with release message in optical burst switching (OBS) networks. In the proposed scheme, when a low priority burst is preempted at some intermediate node, two RELEASE messages are sent immediately from the intermediate node to both source and destination nodes (two-way release message transmission), and the RELEASE messages release the corresponding wavelengths for the preempted burst. We consider six wavelength selection rules for the preemption and evaluate the performances of the selection rules by simulations. Numerical examples show that our scheme utilizes wavelengths effectively and, with the optimal selection rule, can decrease the burst loss probability in a large-scale DWDM network.

In this paper, we propose a stochastic dynamic local search (SDLS) method for Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) learning by introducing stochastic dynamics into the traditional local search method. The proposed learning network maintains some trends of quick descent to either global minimum or a local minimum, and at the same time has some chance of escaping from local minima by permitting temporary error increases during learning. Thus the network may eventually reach the global minimum state or its best approximation with very high probability. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has the superior abilities to find the global minimum for the MVL network learning within reasonable number of iterations.

We propose a new tableau construction which builds an FSM, instead of a Kripke structure, from a formula in a class of temporal logic named ASTL. This FSM is a maximal model of the formula under the preorder derived from simulation relations. Additionally, we propose a method using the tableaus to build controllers in a certain topology of interconnected FSMs. We can use ASTL to describe the desired behaviors of the control system. This method is applicable to generating digital circuits. Moreover, this method accepts a wider range of specifications than conventional methods.

A supply voltage (VDD) independent temperature sensor circuit, which can be realized by the optimum combination of three current modes of n-MOSFETs including the subthreshold current using the feedback scheme from the temperature dependent voltage (VTD) output to the gates of three n-MOSFETs, was proposed and fabricated by a standard 1.2 µm n-well CMOS process. The circuit consists of only 17 MOSFETs without high resistors resulting in a small die area of 0.18 mm2. The temperature coefficient TC of the sensor circuit can be controlled by the channel length ratio L4/L3 of two n-MOSFETs. The average temperature sensor voltage VTS and its typical TC are 1.77 V at VDD=5.0 V (20) and 5.1 mV/ for VDD=5.01.0 V in the temperature range of -20-100 in case of L4/L3=9, respectively.

A low-power sub-1-V self-biased low-voltage reference is proposed for micropower electronic applications based on body effect. The proposed reference has a very low temperature dependence by using a MOSFET with body effect compared with other reported low-power references. An HSPICE simulation shows that the reference voltage and the total power dissipation are 181 mV and 1.1 µW, respectively. The temperature coefficient of the reference voltage is 33 ppm/ at temperatures from -40 to 100. The supply voltage can be as low as 0.95 V in a standard CMOS 0.35 µm technology with threshold voltages of about 0.5 V and -0.65 V for n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs, respectively. Furthermore, the supply voltage dependence is -0.36 mV/V (Vdd=0.95-3.3 V).

Single flux quantum (SFQ) circuit elements have been designed and fabricated using the YBa2Cu3O7-δ ramp-edge junction technology. Logic operations of SFQ circuit elements, such as a toggle flip-flop (T-FF), a set-reset flip-flop (RS-FF), and a 96-junction Josephson transmission line (JTL), were successfully demonstrated, and dc supply current margins were confirmed up to temperatures higher than 30 K. The circuit layout was improved in order to suppress the critical current (Ic) spread that appears during the junction fabrication procedure. By employing the new circuit layout rule, correct operations at temperatures from 27 K to 34 K with dc supply current margins wider than 7% were confirmed for the T-FF with a single output. Moreover, the maximum operating frequencies of T-FFs were measured to be 360 GHz at 4.2 K and 210 GHz at 41 K, which are substantially higher than the values for the circuits with the conventional layout. According to the simulation result, the maximum operating frequency at 40 K was expected to be approximately 50% of the characteristic frequency at a bit error rate (BER) less than 10-6.

We present the use of a Modified Generalized Hough Transform (MGHT) and deformable contours for image data retrieval where a given contour, gray-scale, or color template image can be detected in the target image, irrespective of its position, size, rotation, and smooth deformation transformations. Potential template positions are found in the target image using our novel modified Generalized Hough Transform method that takes measurements from the template features by extending a line from each edge contour point in its gradient direction to the other end of the object. The gradient difference is used to create a relationship with the orientation and length of this line segment. Potential matching positions in the target image are then searched by also extending a line from each target edge point to another end along the normal, then looking up the measurements data from the template image. Positions with high votes become candidate positions. Each candidate position is used to find a match by allowing the template to undergo a contour transformation. The deformed template contour is matched with the target by measuring the similarity in contour tangent direction and the smoothness of the matching vector. The deformation parameters are then updated via a Bayesian algorithm to find the best match. To avoid getting stuck in a local minimum solution, a novel coarse-and-fine model for contour matching is included. Results are presented for real images of several kinds including bin picking and fingerprint identification.

In this paper, the thermal characteristic of the GaN HFETs has been analyzed using the hybrid finite element method (FEM). Both the steady and transient state thermal operations are quantitatively studied with the effects of temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of GaN and the substrate materials properly treated. The temperature distribution and the maximum temperatures of the HFETs operated under excitations of continuous-waves (CW) and pulsed-waves (PW) including double exponential shape PW such as electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and ultra-wideband (UWB) signal are studied and compared.

A lithium niobate (LiNbO3)/silicon (Si) hybrid structure has been developed by the surface-activated bonding of LiNbO3 chips with gold (Au) thin film to Si substrates with patterned Au film. After organic contaminants on the Au surfaces were removed using argon radio-frequency plasma, Au-to-Au bonding was carried out in ambient air. Strong bonding at significantly low temperatures below 100 without generating cracks has been demonstrated.

In this paper, we propose a methodology for calculating on-chip temperature gradient and leakage power distributions. It considers the interdependence between leakage power and local temperature using a general circuit simulator as a differential equation solver. The proposed methodology can be utilized in the early stages of the design cycle as well as in the final verification phase. Simulation results proved that consideration of the temperature dependence of the leakage power is critically important for achieving reliable physical designs since the conventional temperature analysis that ignores the interdependence underestimates leakage power considerably and may overlook potential thermal runaway.

This paper considers systems consisting of communicating processes which can move between specified locations. Mobile telephone systems and intelligent transport systems are examples of them. The processes can exchange data as well as channels (e.g. frequencies) to be used in further communication. It may happen that two processes (e.g. telephones or cars) in different locations could communicate directly because they share a communication channel, but they cannot as there is a physical obstacle between the locations. A possible solution is to allow one process to send a message to another one through other processes and locations. To see if this is possible, a notion of connectivity of processes has been devised in the literature. A process was defined to be connectable to another one if a message from the first one could reach the other one by using any existing communication actions, allowed locations, and process moves in the system. A process-algebraic approach for checking connectivity was proposed. In this paper, it is shown how the temporal logic of actions (TLA) can be employed for the same purpose. In both approaches, connectivity of a process with another one is basically checked as follows. The first process includes a marking message in all its sending actions. Every process that receives this message gets marked and includes it in its own sending actions. The first process is connectable to the second one if there exists such a system execution sequence that the latter gets marked in it. Since TLA is a linear-time temporal logic, it can generally not express such a property. This paper, however, shows that it can be expressed and verified for a given TLA system specification. It also shows how to specify the marking operations and provides an example of connectivity checking.

Emerging GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching)-based photonic networks are expected to realize the dynamic allocation of network resources for a wide range of applications, such as carriers' backbone networks as well as enterprise core networks and GRID computing. To address diverse reliability requirements corresponding to different application needs, photonic networks have to support various optical path recovery schemes. Thus GMPLS standardization bodies have developed failure recovery protocols for 1+1 protection, 1:N protection and restoration, with support of extra traffic and shared use of back-up resources. Whereas the standardization efforts cover a full spectrum of recovery schemes, there have not been many reports on actual implementations of such functionalities, and none of them included extra traffic. This paper introduces an OXC (Optical Cross Connect) implementation of GMPLS's failure recovery functionalities supporting 1+1 protection, M:N protection and extra path. Here extra path is an extension of GMPLS protection's extra traffic which can partially reuse protected paths' back-up resources. Evaluation of the implementation confirms rapid recovery of protected traffic upon a failure, even when preemption of an extra path is involved. It is also shown that its preemption scheme can resolve the issue of the poor scalability of GMPLS-based preemption when multiple extra paths are preempted upon a failure.

Adaptive voltage management (AVM) scheme is proposed for worst-caseless lower voltage SoC design. The AVM scheme detects the temperature accurately by using two oscillators with different temperature characteristics, and sets supply voltage most suitable with a table look-up method corresponding to the process variation. Also, the AVM can supply the stable voltage with a local shift type regulator even at lower voltage. Thereby, this supply-voltage control system considering PVT variations can control the internal voltage corresponding to process and temperature variations and can realize a wide-operating-margin, DFM function for low voltage SoC. The experimental chip is fabricated on a 90 nm CMOS process, and it was confirmed that the proposed architecture controls the voltage accurately and has a wide operating margin at a lower voltage.

This paper considers the universal coding problem for stationary ergodic sources with countably infinite alphabets. We propose modified versions of LZ77 and LZ78 codes for sources with countably infinite alphabets. Then, we show that for any source µ with Eµ[log X1]<∞, both codes are asymptotically optimum, i.e. the code length per input symbol approaches its entropy rate with probability one. Further, we show that we can modify LZ77 and LZ78 codes so that both are asymptotically optimal for a family of ergodic sources satisfying Kieffer's condition.

The decorrelating detector is one of the detecting methods in a direct sequence code division multiple access systems. We investigate the blind adaptive decorrelating detector (BADD) using only the signature of the desired user (DU) according to the assumption that the algorithm is used in downlink. When the BADD is constructed with an antenna array, both the spatial and temporal signature must be taken into consideration for signal detection. We propose the BADD incorporated with the blind estimation of spatial signature (SS) of the DU only from the received signals. As the estimation procedure of SS, the orthogonal projection approximation and subspace tracking algorithm is adopted. The proposed BADD presented the BER improvement with using antenna array. The BER performance has a lower limit with increasing the number of antenna array elements.

A network based on the Inverse Function Delayed (ID) model which can recall a temporal sequence of patterns, is proposed. The classical problem that the network is forced to make long distance jumps due to strong attractors that have to be isolated from each other, is solved by the introduction of the ID neuron. The ID neuron has negative resistance in its dynamics which makes a gradual change from one attractor to another possible. It is then shown that a network structure consisting of paired conventional and ID neurons, perfectly can recall a sequence.

A temporal error concealment algorithm for the block-based video coder has been proposed. The concept of block overlapping is adopted to conceal the erroneous blocks, and the recovered pixels are estimated by the weighted sum from the overlapping. The overlapping weighting matrix has been carefully selected in order to fully exploit the spatial-temporal correlation between boundary blocks and the lost block. Furthermore, the motion vector for the lost block has been recovered by considering the best results for the overlapping. The experimental results are shown by integrating our algorithm into the H.263+ coder.

In this article, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is introduced to the problem of signal detection in underwater sound. EMD is a new method pioneered by Huang et al. for non-linear and non-stationary signal analysis. Based on the EMD, any input data can be decomposed into a small number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) which can serve as the basis of non-stationary data for they are complete, almost orthogonal, local and adaptive. Another useful tool for processing transient signals is discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In this paper, these IMFs are applied to determine when the particular signals appear. From the computer simulation, based on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC), a performance comparison shows that this proposed EMD-based detector is better than the DWT-based method.

In this paper, the separation of heat generation and heat transfer related to temperature rise of silver palladium contact was investigated experimentally in order to predict the temperature rise of contact by the use conditions such as voltage range between 25 to 40 V, current range between 3.2 to 5.0 A and silver palladium alloy (AgPd) materials. Firstly, relationship between temperature rise of contact and supply power was discussed. The effects of heat generation and heat transfer on temperature rise were separated and quantified by least squares method. Secondly, effects of durations and integral powers of bridge and arc on temperature rise were also discussed by changing supply power. Results show that the integral power of the bridge increases when supply power increases. As the supply power increases, integral power of arc also increases. The temperature rise is dominated by integral power of bridge. Remarkable difference of bridge duration can not be seen in the five materials (AgPd30, AgPd40, AgPd50, AgPd70 and Pd). The supply power is increased, arc duration gets longer. As weight percent of Pd content increases, the effect of supply power on arc duration becomes larger. Consequently, the integral power of arc increases. This study is a basic consideration to realize methods predicting temperature rise of contact.