This paper considers the behavior of a master-slave system of two coupled piecewise constant spiking oscillators (PWCSOs). The master of this system exhibits chaos and outputs a chaotic sequence of spikes, which are used as input to the slave. The slave exhibits a periodic-like trajectory (PLT) that is chaotic but that appears to be periodic in the phase plane. We theoretically investigate the generating region of the PLT in the parameter space. Using a test circuit, we confirm the typical phenomena of this coupled system.

This paper describes an equivalent circuit analysis of a meta-surface using a double-layered patch-type frequency-selective surface (FSS); the analysis considers the coupling between FSSs. Two types of double-layered structures are examined. One is a stacked structure and the other is an alternated structure. The results calculated using the equivalent circuit are in agreement with the results of the FDTD analysis. In addition, it is clarified that the stacked and alternated structures exhibit the common mode and the differential mode coupling, respectively. Moreover, experiments support analysis results for both stacked and alternated structures.

In this work, a novel formulation of crosstalk (XT) is developed, in which the perturbation/loading effect that the generator circuit exerts on the passive part of the receptor circuit is elucidated. Practical conditions (i.e., weak coupling and matching/mismatching of the generator circuit) under which this effect can be neglected are then discussed and exploited to develop an alternative radiated susceptibility (RS) test procedure, which resorts to crosstalk to induce at the terminations of a cable harness the same disturbance that would be induced by an external uniform plane-wave field. The proposed procedure, here developed with reference to typical RS setups foreseen by Standards of the aerospace sector, assures equivalence with field coupling without a priori knowledge and/or specific assumptions on the units connected to the terminations of the cable harness. Accuracy of the proposed scheme of equivalence is assessed by virtual experiments carried out in a full-wave simulation environment.

In this paper, a measurement method for the impedance and mutual coupling of multi-antennas that we have proposed is summarized. Impedance and mutual coupling characteristics are obtained after reducing the influence of the coaxial cables by synthesizing the measured S-parameters under the condition that unbalanced currents on the outside of the coaxial cables are canceled at feed points. We apply the proposed method to two closely positioned monopole antennas mounted on a small ground plane and demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method by simulation and experiment. The proposed method is significantly better in terms of the accuracy of the mutual coupling data. In the presented case, the errors at the resonant frequency of the antennas are only 0.5dB in amplitude and 1.8° in phase.

This paper presents a K-band fully reconfigurable waveguide resonator filter with a new negative coupling structure. A pair of transmission zeros as well as the center frequency and bandwidth of the presented filter can be adjusted. The filter adopts the concept of a frequency-tunable coupling resonator in designing the coupling structure, which allows for controlling the coupling coefficient. All coupling values in the filter structure can be tuned by adjusting the resonant frequency of each frequency-tunable coupling resonator. This work also presents a design method in detail for the coupling resonator with a negative coupling coefficient. In addition, the approach for separating the resonant peak produced by the coupling resonator with a negative coupling value from the passband for the purpose of improving the stopband performance is described. For verifying the presented filter structure, a fourth-order waveguide filter has been fabricated and measured. The fabricated filter has the center frequency tuning range from 18.34GHz to 18.75GHz, the bandwidth tuning ratio of 1.94 : 1.

This paper presents a novel simultaneous decoupling and matching technique for transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) ports in short-range multiple-input multiple-output (SR-MIMO) systems. The principal difference with conventional decoupling and matching network (DMN) approaches is that the proposed technique considers strong mutual coupling between closely-positioned Tx/Rx arrays, and the S-parameter variation due to the presence of each other's array. This technique has two stages; first, 180-degree hybrid couplers are connected to both Tx/Rx ports of a plane-symmetrical MIMO system. This decouples both Tx/Rx ports, and moreover, channels between them are orthogonalized. That is, the MIMO system is transformed into multi orthogonalized single-input single-output (SISO) systems. Second, Tx/Rx ports of each orthogonalized SISO system are simultaneously matched based on conjugate matching theory. Consequently, the transmission power of the short-range MIMO system is maximized. Numerical results show that the proposed technique realizes higher channel capacity than the conventional DMN; indeed it achieves the theoretically possible capacity. In addition to theoretical analyses, we provide an example for microstrip line (MSL) circuit implementation. This MSL model offers good simultaneous decoupling and matching performance yielding channel capacity comparable to that of an ideally-designed circuit model. This validates the implementation feasibility of the proposed technique.

This paper proposes a new design formula of coupling coefficient between antenna and resonator for an efficient design of filtering antennas consisting of an antenna and resonators. The filtering antenna can be designed by introducing a well-established filter design theory. For such a design approach, an external Q factor at input port, coupling coefficients, and a radiation Q factor of the antenna need to be evaluated. However, conventional design methods have a time-consuming procedure, since there are no effective techniques to evaluate the coupling coefficient between resonator and antenna. To solve the problem, we derive the new design formula using only amplitude property of input reflection responses obtained from a coupled structure of resonator and antenna. As an example, a third-order filtering antenna is synthesized, designed, and tested at 2.45 GHz, which numerically and experimentally validates the effectiveness of the derived equation.

We describe a calculation tool and modeling methods to find self and mutual inductance and current distribution in superconductive multilayer circuit layouts. Accuracy of the numerical solver is discussed and compared with experimental measurements. Effects of modeling parameter selection on calculation results are shown, and we make conclusions on the selection of modeling parameters for fast but sufficiently accurate calculations when calibration methods are used. Circuit theory for the calculation of branch impedances from the output of the numerical solver is discussed, and compensation for solution difficulties is shown through example. We elaborate on the construction of extraction models for superconductive integrated circuits, with and without resistive branches. We also propose a method to calculate current distribution in a multilayer circuit with multiple bias current feed points. Finally, detailed examples are shown where the effects of stacked vias, bias pillars, coupling, ground connection stacks and ground return currents in circuit layouts for the AIST advanced process (ADP2) and standard process (STP2) are analyzed. We show that multilayer inductance and current distribution extraction in such circuits provides much more information than merely branch inductance, and can be used to improve layouts; for example through reduced coupling between conductors.

The increasing demand for navigation and automation has led to the development of a number of accurate and precise navigation applications that make use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and additional sensors. One of the precise navigation techniques in GNSS, the real-time kinematic (RTK) technique, is well known. In this method, once the correct integer ambiguities are found in the carrier phase observation data, position can be determined to within 10cm. In particular, the advent of QZSS and BeiDou satellites can increase the availability of RTK-GNSS (relative to RTK using only GPS). It is understood that the increasing availability of RTK-GNSS will improve the performance of the integration of GNSS with additional sensors because the errors due to the inertial measurement unit (IMU) accumulate as time goes on. On the other hand, GNSS tends to suffer from multipath errors, especially in urban environments. To overcome this problem, a method was developed for improving RTK-GNSS using a low-cost IMU and conventional vehicle speed sensors. In this study, the quality of the complete observation data was assessed based on the carrier-to-noise ratio and satellite elevation angle, and the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment method and the ratio test were used to obtain fixed positions. We used speed information obtained from Doppler measurements as an alternative source of information; information from the IMU and vehicle speed sensor (integrated with the RTK-GNSS via a Kalman Filter) was used when there were no visible satellites. We also used the IMU and vehicle speed sensors to detect wrong fixes in the RTK-GNSS. A position and orientation system for land vehicles (Applanix) was used to estimate the reference positions. During GNSS outages, it is important to accurately determine the last heading of the car for precise navigation. In this study, it was found that GNSS Doppler-based direction data are required to obtain better direction information. The results of the experiment demonstrate that our proposed method is, to some extent, beneficial as an alternative to the conventional RTK-GPS in an urban environment.

ThruChip interface (TCI) is an emerging wireless interface in three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuit (IC) technology. However, the TCI physical design guidelines remain unclear. In this paper, a ThruChip test chip is designed and fabricated for design guidelines exploration. Three inductive coupling interface physical design scenarios, baseline, power mesh, and dummy metal fill, are deployed in the test chip. In the baseline scenario, the test chip measurement results show that thinning chip or enlarging coil dimension can further reduce TCI power. The power mesh scenario shows that the eddy current on power mesh can dramatically reduce magnetic pulse signal and thus possibly cause TCI to fail. A power mesh splitting method is proposed to effectively suppress eddy current impact while minimizing power mesh structure impact. The simulation results show that the proposed method can recover 77% coupling coefficient loss while only introducing additional 0.5% IR-drop. In dummy metal fill case, dummy metal fill enclosed within TCI coils have no impact on TCI transmission and thus are ignorable.

The authors propose “Disk-repeater” as a new structure alternative to the conventional resonator repeater. Disk-repeater has a simple structure comprised of just copper plates and wire, non-resonant structure. First, coupling coefficients are measured as functions of disk diameter and wire length to characterize the basic performance of Disk-repeater. It is explained by several experimental evidences that Disk-repeater and resonator are not magnetically coupled but electrically coupled. It is also shown that the transmission distance extends dramatically longer than that of conventional resonator repeater. Further, two-dimensional arrangement, where multiple disks are connected, shows very high efficiency and uniform transmission characteristic regardless of positions of receiving resonator. Disk-repeater gives possibility of unprecedented versatile application with the simple structure.

This paper discusses how to design a Radial Line Slot Antenna (RLSA) whose waveguide is filled with high loss dielectric materials. We introduce a new design for the aperture slot coupling synthesis to restrain the dielectric losses and improve the antenna gain. Based on a newly defined slot coupling, a number of RLSAs with different sizes and loss factors are analyzed and their performances are predicted. Theoretical calculations suggest that the gain is sensitive to the material losses in the radial lines. The gain enhancement by using the new coupling formula is notable for larger antenna size and higher loss factor of the dielectric material. Three prototype RLSAs are designed and fabricated at 60GHz following different slot coupling syntheses, and their measured performances consolidate our theory.

Current mobile communication terminals are equipped with multiple RF circuits that cover all frequency bands assigned for the communication. In order to make efficient use of frequency spectrum and to reduce circuits in a terminal, a low-loss reconfigurable RF filter is necessary to flexibly change RF frequencies. In this paper, a new reconfigurable bandpass filter (BPF) having eight-frequency (three-bit) selection capability is proposed. It employs branch-line switched type variable resonators that provide low insertion loss. One of the design issues is how to control pass bandwidths among selectable frequencies. In order to analyze the bandwidth variation of the reconfigurable BPF, we calculate the changes of external Q and coupling coefficients. It is shown that the inductive coupling design can achieve less variation of bandwidth for the reconfigurable BPF, compared with commonly used capacitive coupling design. A prototype BPF on a printed circuit board with high dielectric constant substrate has been fabricated and evaluated in 2 GHz bands. It presents performance very close to the design results with respect to insertion loss, center frequency and passband bandwidth. Low insertion loss of less than 1 dB is achieved among the eight frequencies.

In this paper the amplitude probability distribution (APD) measurement method is applied to evaluate noise coupling to an antenna on an evaluation board that uses mixed RF and digital signals of an IC. We analytically investigate noise coupling path to the antenna where the correlation coefficient matches the APD curve of the evaluation board. Moreover, in order to verify the analysis results, the noise coupling path in the board is evaluated by measurements involving In-phase/Quadrature (I/Q) signals as well as electromagnetic simulations. As a result, we demonstrate that APD method is effective in evaluating a degree of noise coupling from an IC to multiple antennas on the board, and confirm that the intensity of noise coupling to each antenna is affected greatly by the board layout patterns.

For low-density parity-check codes, spatial coupling was proved to boost the performance of iterative decoding up to the optimal performance. As an application of spatial coupling, in this paper, bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) with spatially coupled (SC) interleaving — called SC-BICM — is considered to improve the performance of iterative channel estimation and decoding for block-fading channels. In the iterative receiver, feedback from the soft-in soft-out decoder is utilized to refine the initial channel estimates in linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) channel estimation. Density evolution in the infinite-code-length limit implies that the SC-BICM allows the receiver to attain accurate channel estimates even when the pilot overhead for training is negligibly small. Furthermore, numerical simulations show that the SC-BICM can provide a steeper reduction in bit error rate than conventional BICM, as well as a significant improvement in the so-called waterfall performance for high rate systems.

In this paper, we consider a parallel ring-line rat-race circuit realized by replacing some parts of the ring-lines with composite right-/left-handed transmission lines (CRLH-TLs). For a conventional rat-race circuit, the minimum coupling factor is limited by the highest impedance of the ring-lines that can be manufactured by general printed circuit board (PCB) technologies. However, the coupling factor of the parallel ring-line type rat-race circuit proposed in this paper is determined by the difference between the admittances of the parallel ring-lines. As a result of designing parallel ring-line rat-race circuits having coupling factors of $-20$ and $-30$,dB for an operation frequency of 4,GHz, the proposed rat-race circuit realizes broadband characteristics of about 35.5% according to the numerical results for the $-20$,dB circuit. Furthermore, broadband characteristics including reflection, isolation, and couplings can be maintained for the fabricated $-20$,dB rat-race circuit up to an input power of 40,dBm.

This paper proposes a compact three-mode H-shaped resonator bandpass filter fed by antiparallel coupled input/output lines. To investigate the resonant behavior of the H-shaped resonator, even/odd-mode resonance conditions of the resonator are first derived analytically. The multimode resonances of the H-shaped resonator filter are modeled by a multipath circuit formed with resonance paths. Moreover, a direct source/load coupling path is connected in parallel, of which the value shows a frequency dependency because of the antiparallel coupled feeding lines, thereby generating four transmission zeros (TZs) greater than the number of a theoretical limitation. The H-shaped resonator bandpass filter is synthesized, developed, and tested, showing a third-order passband response with four TZs located near the passband, and a wide stopband property.

This letter proposes a wideband compact DC block design technique. This DC block has a wide pass-band and wide stop-band and transforms termination impedances. It comprises a pair of coupled lines on a defected ground structure (DGS) with capacitor loading. A periodic DGS pattern increases coupling, and, consequently, a wideband DC block design is allowed with a microstrip process on a high dielectric low height substrate. A DC block with equal termination impedances of 50,$Omega$ and another that transforms 50 into 30,$Omega$ are fabricated. The measured fractional bandwidths are 48% and 47%. The size of the DC block is 16.8$ imes$ 15,mm$^2(0.057lambda_0 imes 0.051lambda_0)$.

To implement a wideband bandpass filter with improved skirt-selectivity and out-band characteristics, a new parallel-coupled three-line unit with two short-circuited stubs symmetrically-loaded at the center line is proposed. Unlike most traditional ones, the passband of the proposed parallel-coupled three-line structure is based on the cross-coupling between non-adjacent lines rather than the direct-coupling between adjacent ones, whereas a pair of attenuation poles is found in the stopbands. After revealing its work mechanism, an efficient filter-design-scheme is correspondingly proposed for the presented structure. Firstly, based on a chebyshev-filter synthesis theory, a wideband passband filter consisting of a parallel-coupled two-line and two short-circuited stubs loaded at the input- and output- ports is designed. Furthermore, by putting a properly-designed 3/4-wavelength stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) in between the parallel-coupled two lines, two attenuation poles are then realized at the frequencies very close to the cutoff ones. Accordingly, the roll-off characteristics of the filter are significantly-improved to greater than 100,dB/GHz. Furthermore, two-section open-ended stubs are used to replace the short-circuited ones to realize a pair of extra attenuation poles in stopbands. To validate the proposed techniques, a wideband filter with a bandwidth of 3--5,GHz (Fractional bandwidth (FBW) $= (5,GHz-3,GHz)/4,GHz =50%)$ was designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. The measured responses of the filter agree well with the simulation and theoretical ones, which validates the effectiveness of the newly-proposed three-line unit and the corresponding design scheme.

This paper presents a novel decoupling network consisting of transmission lines and a bridge resistance for a two-element array antenna and evaluates its performance through simulations and measurements. To decouple the antennas, the phase of the mutual admittance between the antenna ports is rotated by using the transmission lines, and a pure resistance working as a bridge resistance is inserted between the two antenna ports to cancel the mutual coupling. The simulation results indicate that the proposed decoupling network can provide a wider bandwidth than the conventional approach. The proposed decoupling network is implemented and tested as a demonstration to confirm its performance. The measurement results indicate that the mutual coupling between the two antenna ports is lowered by about 47dB at the resonant frequency.