This paper proposes multi-gate reconfigurable (RECON) cells and a technology remapping approach using them as spare cells for post-mask functional engineering change orders (ECOs). With the rapid increase in circuit complexity, ECOs often occur in the post-mask stage of LSI designs. To deal with post-mask ECOs at a low cost, only the metal layers are redesigned by making functional changes using spare cells. For this purpose, 2T/4T/6T-RECON cells were proposed as reconfigurable spare cells. However, conventional RECON cells are used to implement single functions, which may result in unused transistors in the cells. In addition, the number of 2T/4T/6T-RECON spare cells used for post-mask ECOs varies greatly depending on the circuit to be implemented and the type of ECO that occurs. Therefore, functional ECOs may fail due to a lack of certain types of RECON cells, even if other types of RECON cells remain. To solve this problem, we propose multi-gate RECON cells that implement multiple functions in a single RECON cell while retaining the layouts of conventional 4T/6T-RECON base cells, and a technology remapping approach using them. The proposed approach not only reduces the number of used spare cells for modifications but also allows the flexible use of spare cells to fix them with less increase in wire length and delay. Experimental results have confirmed that the functional ECO success ratio is increased by 4.8pt on average and the total number of used spare cells is reduced by 5.6% on average. It has also been confirmed that the increase in wire length is reduced by 17.4% on average and the decrease in slack is suppressed by 21.6% on average.

Graphene has been expected as an alternative material for copper interconnects in which resistance increases and reliability deteriorates in nanoscale. While the principle advantages are verified by simulations and experiments, they have not been put into practical use due to the immaturity of the manufacturing process leading to mass production. On the other hand, recent steady progress in the fabrication process has increased the possibility of practical application. In this paper, I will review the recent advances and the latest prospects for conductor applications of graphene centered on interconnects. The possibility of further application utilizing the unique characteristics of graphene is discussed.

In recent years, there has been an increasing trend of applying artificial intelligence in many different fields, which has a profound and direct impact on human life. Consequently, this raises the need to understand the principles of model making predictions. Since most current high-precision models are black boxes, neither the AI scientist nor the end-user profoundly understands what is happening inside these models. Therefore, many algorithms are studied to explain AI models, especially those in the image classification problem in computer vision such as LIME, CAM, GradCAM. However, these algorithms still have limitations, such as LIME's long execution time and CAM's confusing interpretation of concreteness and clarity. Therefore, in this paper, we will propose a new method called Segmentation - Class Activation Mapping (SeCAM)/ This method combines the advantages of these algorithms above while at simultaneously overcoming their disadvantages. We tested this algorithm with various models, including ResNet50, InceptionV3, and VGG16 from ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) data set. Outstanding results were achieved when the algorithm has met all the requirements for a specific explanation in a remarkably short space of time.

This paper proposes a transparent glass quartz antenna for 5G-millimeter-wave-connected vehicles and clarifies the characteristics of signal reception when the glass antennas are placed on the windows of a vehicle traveling in an urban environment. Synthetic fused quartz is a material particularly suited for millimeter-wave devices owing to its excellent low transmission loss. Realizing synthetic fused quartz devices requires accurate micromachining technology specialized for the material coupled with the material technology. This paper presents a transparent antenna comprising a thin mesh pattern on a quartz substrate for installation on a vehicle window. A comparison of distributed transparent antennas and an omnidirectional antenna shows that the relative received power of the distributed antenna system is higher than that of the omnidirectional antenna. In addition, results show that the power received is similar when using vertically and horizontally polarized antennas. The design is verified in a field test using transparent antennas on the windows of a real vehicle.

Semitransparent organic solar cells were fabricated using lamination process. The devices were realized by using two independent substrates with transparent indium-tin-oxide electrode. One substrate was coated with poly(ethylenedioxy-thiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) layer and active layer of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester mixture. Another substrate was coated with ultra-thin polyethylenimine ethoxylated. The two substrates were laminated using hot press system. The device exhibited semitransparency and showed typical photovoltaic characteristics with open voltage of 0.59 V and short circuit current of 2.9 mA/cm2.

In the present paper we show how to obtain rapidly the spectral BRDF and BTDF of different display components or transparent displays using Fourier optics system under different illumination configurations. Results can be used to simulate the entire structure of a LCD display or to predict transparent display performances under various illuminations.

Tor's hidden services provide both sender privacy and recipient privacy to users. A hot topic in security of Tor is how to deanonymize its hidden services. Existing works proved that the recipient privacy could be revealed, namely a hidden server's real IP address could be located. However, the hidden service's circuit is bi-directionally anonymous, and the sender privacy can also be revealed. In this letter, we propose a novel approach that can transparently discover the client of the hidden service. Based on extensive analysis on the hidden service protocol, we find a combination of cells which can be used to generate a special traffic feature with the cell-padding mechanism of Tor. A user can implement some onion routers in Tor networks and monitor traffic passing through them. Once the traffic feature is discovered, the user confirms one of the controlled routers is chosen as the entry router, and the adjacent node is the client. Compared with the existing works, our approach does not disturb the normal communication of the hidden service. Simulations have demonstrated the effectiveness of our method.

In the development of inter-vehicle communication systems for a prevention of car crashes, it is important to know path loss characteristics at blind intersections in urban area. Thus field experiments and numerical simulations have been performed. By the way, transparent waves from building walls are not considered in many cases. The reason why is that it is the worst case in terms of the path loss at blind intersection surrounded by buildings in urban area. However, it would be important to know the effect of transparent wave on the path loss in actual environments. On the other hand, path loss models have been proposed to estimate easily the path loss in urban environment. In these models, the effect of transparent wave is not clear. In this paper, the effect of transparent wave from building walls on path loss characteristics at blind intersection in urban area is investigated by using the FDTD method. Additionally, the relationship between transparent wave and path loss models is also investigated.

Transparent organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) were investigated with top electrode of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) by ion-plating method. High deposition rate of 4.4 nm/s was realized without plasma damage of under organic layer. In the TOLEDs with inverted structure, high transmittance of over 75% at 550 nm and bright emission of 1,850 and 1,410 cd/m2, from bottom and top side at 163 mA/cm2, respectively, were obtained.

We propose a new extension to reconfiguration algorithms used to address wavelength defragmentation to enhance the path accommodation efficiency in optical transparent wavelength division multiplexing networks. The proposed algorithm suppresses the number of fibers employed to search for a reconfigurable wavelength channel by combining routes between the target path and the existing path in a reconfigured wavelength channel. This paper targets three main phases in reconfiguration: i) the reconfiguration trigger; ii) redesign of the wavelength path; and iii) migrating the wavelength paths. The proposed and conventional algorithms are analyzed from the viewpoints of the number of fibers, accommodation rate and the number of migrating sequences. Numerical evaluations show that the number of fibers is suppressed by 9%, and that the accommodation efficiency is increased by approximately 5%-8% compared to when reconfiguration is not performed.

A method of calculating the exact top event probability of a fault tree with dynamic gates and repeated basic events is proposed. The top event probability of such a dynamic fault tree is obtained by converting the tree into an equivalent Markov model. However, the Markov-based method is not realistic for a complex system model because the number of states that should be considered in the Markov analysis increases explosively as the number of basic events in the model increases. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose an alternative method in this paper. It is a hybrid of a Bayesian network (BN) and an algebraic technique. First, modularization is applied to a dynamic fault tree. The detected modules are classified into two types: one satisfies the parental Markov condition and the other does not. The module without the parental Markov condition is replaced with an equivalent single event. The occurrence probability of this event is obtained as the sum of disjoint sequence probabilities. After the contraction of modules without parent Markov condition, the BN algorithm is applied to the dynamic fault tree. The conditional probability tables for dynamic gates are presented. The BN is a standard one and has hierarchical and modular features. Numerical example shows that our method works well for complex systems.

In this paper, we evaluate the downlink performance of Transparent mode (T-mode) and Non-Transparent mode (NT-mode) in a two-hop cellular system based on IEEE 802.16j. In particular, we evaluate the performance in terms of the system capacity, optimal resource allocation, and outage probability using Monte Carlo simulation with various system parameters such as different Frequency Reuse Factors (FRFs) and the distance between Base Station (BS) and Relay Station (RS). To analyze the Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) of the access and relay links, an SINR model is introduced for cellular multihop systems considering intra- and inter-cell interferences. Then, we present a method of optimal resource allocation for the Access Zone (AZ) and Relay Zone (RZ) to maximize the system capacity. Consequently, the simulation results provide an insight into choosing the appropriate RS position and optimal resource allocation. Through numerical examples, it is found that the FRFs of two and three are good choices to achieve the highest capacity with low outage in T- and NT-modes, respectively.

In this paper, we show the recent progress of photonic network technologies for the new generation network (NWGN). The NWGN is based on new design concepts that look beyond the next generation network (NGN) and the Internet. The NWGN will maintain the sustainability of our prosperous civilization and help resolve various social issues and problems by the use of information and communication technologies. In order to realize the NWGN, many novel technologies in the physical layer are required, in addition to technologies in the network control layer. Examples of cutting-edge physical layer technologies required to realize the NWGN include a terabit/s/port or greater ultra-wideband optical packet switching system, a modulation-format-free optical packet switching (OPS) node, a hybrid optoelectronic packet switching node, a packet-based reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) system, an optical packet and circuit integrated node system, and optical buffering technologies.

Oxide material can make transparent devices with transparent electrodes. We developed a transparent oscillator and rectifier circuits with oxide TFTs. The source/drain and gate electrodes were made by indium thin oxide (ITO), and active layer made by transparent material of IGZO (Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide) on a glass substrate. The RC oscillator was composed of bootstrapped inverters, and 813 kHz oscillation frequency was accomplished at VDD = 15 V. For DC voltage generation from RF, transparent rectifier was fabricated and evaluated. This DC voltage from rectifier powered to the oscillator which operated successfully to create RF. For data transmission, RF transmission was evaluated with RF from the transparent oscillator. An antenna was connected to the oscillator and RF transmission to a receiving antenna was verified. Through this transmission antenna, RF was transmitted to a receiving antenna successfully. For transparent system of RFID, transparent antenna was developed and verified sending and receiving of data.

We present a graph model and an ILP model for TAM design for transparency-based SoC testing. The proposed method is an extension of a previous work proposed by Chakrabarty with respect to the following three points: (1) constraint relaxation by considering test data flow for each core separately, (2) optimization of the cost for transparency as well as the cost for additional interconnect area simultaneously and (3) consideration of additional bypass paths. Therefore, the proposed ILP model can represent various problems including the same problem as the previous work and produce better results. Experimental results show the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method compared to the previous work.

A virtualized optical network (VON) is proposed as a key to implementing increased agility and flexibility into the future Internet and applications by providing any-to-any connectivity with the appropriate optical bandwidth at the appropriate time. The VON is enabled by introducing optical transparentization and optical fine granular grooming based on optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.

We have fabricated the transparent bottom gate and top gate TFTs using new oxide material of Al-Zn-Sn-O (AZTO) as an active layer. The AZTO active layer was deposited by RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Our novel TFT showed good TFT performance without post-annealing. The field effect mobility and the sub-threshold swing were improved by the post-annealing, and the mobility increased with SnO2 content. The AZTO TFT (about 4 mol% AlOx, 66 mol% ZnO, and 30 mol% SnO2) exhibited a mobility of 10.3 cm2/Vs, a turn-on voltage of 0.4 V, a sub-threshold swing of 0.6 V/dec, and an on/off ratio of 109. Though the bottom gate AZTO TFT showed good electrical performance, the bias stability was relatively poor. The bias stability was significantly improved in the top gate AZTO TFT. We have successfully fabricated the transparent AMOLED panel using the back-plane composed with top gate AZTO TFT array.

Networking technologies have recently been evolving and network applications are now expected to support flexible composition of upper-layer network services, such as security, QoS, or personal firewall. We propose a multi-platform framework called FreeNA* that extends existing applications by incorporating the services based on user definitions. This extension does not require users to modify their systems at all. Therefore, FreeNA is valuable for experimental system usage. We implemented FreeNA on both Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems, and evaluated their functionality and performance. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of FreeNA including details on how to insert network services into existing applications and how to create services in a multi-platform environment. We also give an example implementation of a service with SSL, a functionality comparison with relevant systems, and our performance evaluation results. The results show that FreeNA offers finer configurability, composability, and usability than other similar systems. We also show that the throughput degradation of transparent service insertion is 2% at most compared with a method of directly inserting such services into applications.

Ga-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering. The effects of adding H2 to pure Ar sputtering gas were investigated. In the case of pure Ar at 2 Pa, the resistivity is 7.4510-3 Ωcm, whereas for Ar+1%H2 at 0.3 Pa, it markedly decreases to 2.5210-4 Ωcm. In this case, the carrier density and Hall mobility are 1.121021 cm-3 and 23.4 cm2/Vs, respectively. This conductive film also exhibits a transmittance of 90% within the visible-wavelength range. The addition of H2 and the decrease in the pressure results in the fabrication of a significantly more transparent and conductive film.

Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films were prepared on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil by bias sputtering. In the absence of a substrate bias, films having a high resistivity of 210-2 Ωcm were formed. On the other hand, by the application of an rf substrate bias, films having a low resistivity of 2.610-4 Ωcm were formed. The energy of ions that bombarded the substrate during bias sputtering was estimated by a simulation of the ion acceleration. The optimum ion-energy required for the reduction of resistivity was found to be approximately 50 eV.