In this paper, a new fractional sample rate conversion (SRC) scheme based on a direct insertion/cancellation scheme is proposed. This scheme is suitable for signals that are sampled at a high sample rate and converted to a lower sample rate. The direct insertion/cancellation scheme may achieve low-complexity and lower power consumption as compared to the other SRC techniques. However, the direct insertion/cancellation technique suffers from large aliasing and distortion. The aliasing from an adjacent channel interferes the desired signal and degrades the performance. Therefore, a modified direct insertion/cancellation scheme is proposed in order to realize high performance resampling.

Novel low phase noise quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) and quadrature injection locked frequency divider (QILFD) with two coupled Hartley VCOs are proposed and implemented using the standard TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS 1P6M process. The QVCO employs pMOS as the core to reduce the up-conversion of low-frequency device noise to RF phase noise. It uses super-harmonic coupling technique to couple two differential Hartley VCOs and four small-size coupling transistors to set the directivity of quadrature output phases. At the 1.7 V supply voltage, the output phase noise of the QVCO is -124 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from the carrier frequency of 4.12 GHz, and the figure of merit is -185 dBc/Hz. At the supply voltage of 1.7 V, the total power consumption is 13.1 mW. At the supply voltage of 1.5 V, the tuning range of the free-running QILFD is from 2.05 GHz to 2.36 GHz, about 310 MHz, and the locking range of the ILFD is from 3.99 to 5.19 GHz, about 1.20 GHz, at the injection signal power of 0 dBm.

This paper focuses on the numerical and experimental investigations of the influence of two polymers (PA6 and POM) on the arc behavior during arc motion process. The mathematical model of 3-dimentional air arc plasma considering the ablation of lateral walls is built based on magnetic hydro-dynamics (MHD). By adopting the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package based on control-volume method, the above MHD model is solved and the distribution of temperature field, concentration field, flow field and electrical potential field in the arc chamber are calculated. The simulation results indicate that the vapor concentration behind the arc column is higher than that in front of the arc column because of the existence of "double vortices" in the arc chamber. The use of polymers causes the maximal arc voltage increase 16.2% with POM and 18.9% with PA6 in this case and causes the average arc velocity increase 15.8% with POM and 21.1% with PA6 in this case. The experiments are also carried out to study the influence of polymers on arc voltage and arc root position in the arc chamber during arc motion. The experimental results prove the validity of the numerical investigation.

This paper describes a novel optical fiber line testing system operating at 1.65 µm using test light bypass modules. We show a new testing configuration for add/drop multiplexer (ADM) ring networks. The test light bypass modules were installed in individual customer buildings so the test light can bypass the ADMs. We evaluated the bit-error performance with a 2.48832 Gbit/s ADM ring network using a prototype test light bypass module. We confirmed that this testing system can monitor the optical fiber cables of an ADM ring network, and that it causes no degradation in transmission quality. We show the operating area provided by the system dynamic range expressed in terms of fiber length and customer building number. The prototype system could monitor an ADM ring network linking five buildings with a 5 km loop. We also performed an in-service monitoring field trial in a 2.6 km ring network with three ADM nodes. This testing system enables us to reduce the operating, administration, and maintenance cost and improves the transmission quality of ADM ring networks.

The precision of magnetic field calculation is crucial to predict the arc behavior using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. A integrated calculation method is proposed to couple the calculation of magnetic field and fluid dynamics based on the commercial software ANSYS and FLUENT, which especially benefits to take into account the existence of the ferromagnetic parts. An example concerning air arc is presented using the method.

An all-optical phase multiplexing scheme for phase-modulated signals is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using four-wave mixing (FWM) in a highly-nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Two 10-Gb/s π/2-shifted differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) signals are experimentally demonstrated to be converted and phase-multiplexed into a 20-Gb/s differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) signal with non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) formats, respectively. Experimental results show that, due to phase-modulation-depth doubling effect and phase multiplexing effect in the FWM process, a DQPSK signal is successfully generated through the proposed all-optical phase multiplexing with improved receiver sensitivity and spectral efficiency.

Low-power dry-etching process has been adopted to study the influence of dry-etching on Ohmic contact to p-GaN. When the surface layer of as-grown p-GaN was removed by low-power SiCl4/Cl2-etching, no Ohmic contact can be formed on the low-power dry-etched p-GaN. The same dry-etching process was also applied on n-GaN to understand the influence of the low-power dry-etching process. By capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement, the Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) of p-GaN and n-GaN were measured. By comparing the change of measured SBHs on p-GaN and n-GaN, it was suggested that etching damage is not the only reason responsible for the degraded Ohmic contacts to dry-etched p-GaN and for Ohmic contact formatin, the original surface layer of as-grown p-GaN have some special properties, which were removed by dry-etching process. To partially recover the original surface of as-grown p-GaN, high temperature annealing (1000C 30 s) was tried on the SiCl4/Cl2-etched p-GaN and Ohmic contact was obtained.

Due to the dynamics of topology and resources, Call Admission Control (CAC) plays a significant role for increasing resource utilization ratio and guaranteeing users' QoS requirements in wireless/mobile networks. In this paper, a dynamic multi-threshold CAC scheme is proposed to serve multi-class service in a wireless/mobile network. The thresholds are renewed at the beginning of each time interval to react to the changing mobility rate and network load. To find suitable thresholds, a reward-penalty model is designed, which provides different priorities between different service classes and call types through different reward/penalty policies according to network load and average call arrival rate. To speed up the running time of CAC, an Optimized Genetic Algorithm (OGA) is presented, whose components such as encoding, population initialization, fitness function and mutation etc., are all optimized in terms of the traits of the CAC problem. The simulation demonstrates that the proposed CAC scheme outperforms the similar schemes, which means the optimization is realized. Finally, the simulation shows the efficiency of OGA.

As technology scales down, leakage energy accounts for a greater proportion of total energy. Applying the drowsy technique to a cache, is regarded as one of the most efficient techniques for reducing leakage energy. However, it increases the Soft Error Rate (SER), thus, many researchers doubt the reliability of the drowsy technique. In this paper, we show several reasons why the instruction cache can adopt the drowsy technique without reliability problems. First, an instruction cache always stores read-only data, leading to soft error recovery by re-fetching the instructions from lower level memory. Second, the effect of the re-fetching caused by soft errors on performance is negligible. Additionally, a considerable percentage of soft errors can occur without harming the performance. Lastly, unrecoverable soft errors can be controlled by the scrubbing method. The simulation results show that the drowsy instruction cache rarely increases the rate of unrecoverable errors and negligibly degrades the performance.

On the basis of the RF characteristics of p-type diamond field-effect transistors (FETs) with hydrogen surface termination, we establish an equivalent circuit (EQC) model. From comparisons of three cases we reveal that to represent the device performance in the EQC, the source, gate, and drain resistance should be considered but that the gate-source and gate-drain resistance can be ignored. The features of diamond FETs are (1) a plateau of the gate capacitance in a certain gate voltage range. (2) maximum fT and fMAX cut-off frequencies near the threshold gate voltage, and (3) a high fMAX/fT ratio 3.8. We discuss these features in terms of the energy barrier between the gate metal and the two-dimensional hole channel and drift region below the gate.

AlN/GaN Metal Insulator Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MISFETs) were designed, simulated and fabricated. DC, S-parameter and power measurements were also performed. Drift-diffusion simulations using DESSIS compared AlN/GaN MISFETs and Al32Ga68N/GaN Heterostructure FETs (HFETs) with the same geometries. The simulation results show the advantages of AlN/GaN MISFETs in terms of higher saturation current, lower gate leakage and higher transconductance than AlGaN/GaN HFETs. First results from fabricated AlN/GaN devices with 1 µm gate length and 200 µm gate width showed a maximum drain current density of 380 mA/mm and a peak extrinsic transconductance of 85 mS/mm. S-parameter measurements showed that current-gain cutoff frequency (fT) and maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) were 5.85 GHz and 10.57 GHz, respectively. Power characteristics were measured at 2 GHz and showed output power density of 850 mW/mm with 23.8% PAE at VDS = 15 V. To the authors knowledge this is the first report of a systematic study of AlN/GaN MISFETs addressing their physical modeling and experimental high-frequency characteristics including the power performance.

We propose a polymeric waveguide optical switch using a novel drive mechanism. The switch uses a flexible polymeric waveguide film where trenches are formed at cross-points of the waveguides. Light passes through the trench while it is closed. When the trench opens, light path changes by total internal reflection between the air gap and the polymeric waveguide. Therefore, we can control light paths by changing the trench state between closed and open one. In order to realize this, a rotating arm is inserted near the trench. As rotational force transfers to the trench through the arm and the film, the trench switches from closed to open state and vice versa. We investigated this rotary drive mechanism by three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis, designed the optical switch, and experimentally demonstrated the switching operation.

"Dive into the Movie (DIM)" is a name of project to aim to realize a world innovative entertainment system which can provide an immersion experience into the story by giving a chance to audience to share an impression with his family or friends by watching a movie in which all audience can participate in the story as movie casts. To realize this system, several techniques to model and capture the personal characteristics instantly in face, body, gesture, hair and voice by combining computer graphics, computer vision and speech signal processing technique. Anyway, all of the modeling, casting, character synthesis, rendering and compositing processes have to be performed on real-time without any operator. In this paper, first a novel entertainment system, Future Cast System (FCS), is introduced which can create DIM movie with audience's participation by replacing the original roles' face in a pre-created CG movie with audiences' own highly realistic 3D CG faces. Then the effects of DIM movie on audience experience are evaluated subjectively. The result suggests that most of the participants are seeking for higher realism, impression and satisfaction by replacing not only face part but also body, hair and voice. The first experimental trial demonstration of FCS was performed at the Mitsui-Toshiba pavilion of the 2005 World Exposition in Aichi Japan. Then, 1,640,000 people have experienced this event during 6 months of exhibition and FCS became one of the most popular events at Expo.2005.

A distributed algorithm that uses the MVDR (minimum variance distortionless response) combiner and the local information to adjust the power and weight (combining weight) is proposed for joint diversity and power control in wireless networks. The proposed algorithm limits the power according to a constraint and has the property that if the SINR (signal to interference and noise ratio) requirement is achieved, then the condition of this achievement will hold after every discrete time. We prove that the power and weight of the proposed algorithm converge to the optimal feasible power and weight that minimize the total power consumption. Simulation results also show that the MVDR combiner gets lower average power level per user and higher probability of success in meeting the SINR requirement than other combiners.

Human interest in pictures dates back to 14,000 BC. Pictures can be drawn by hand or imaged by optical means. Over time pictures have changed from being rare and unique to ubiquitous and common. They have changed from treasures to transients. This paper summarizes many picture technologies, and discusses their dynamic range, their color and tone scale rendering. This paper discusses the interactions between advances in technology and the interests of its users over time. It is the combination of both technology and society's usage that has shaped imaging since its beginning and continues to do so.

A cross-coupled charge pump with internal pumping capacitor, which is advantageous from a point of minimizing TFT-LCD driver IC module, is newly proposed in this paper. By using NMOS and PMOS diodes connected to boosting nodes from VIN nodes, the pumping node is precharged to the same value at the pumping node in starting pumping. Since the first-stage charge pump is designed differently from the other stage pumps, a back current of pumped charge from charge pumping node to input stage is prevented. As a pumping clock driver is located in front of pumping capacitor, the driving capacity is improved by reducing a voltage drop of the pumping clock line from parasitic resistor. Finally, a layout area is decreased more compared with the conventional cross-coupled charge pump by using a stack-MIM capacitor. A proposed charge pump for TFT-LCD driver IC is designed with 0.13 µm triple-well DDI process, fabricated, and tested.

A high-speed serial, 10-Gb/s, passive optical network (PON) is a good candidate for a future PON system. However, there are several issues to be solved in extending the physical speed to 10 Gb/s. The issues focused on here are not only the data rate, which is eight times higher than that of a conventional GE-PON, but also the instantaneous amplification and synchronization of AC-coupling burst-input data without a reset signal. An input amplifier with data-edge detection can both detect level-varying input due to AC-coupling and respond to the first bit of a burst packet. Another issue discussed here is tolerance to long consecutive identical digits (CIDs). A burst-mode clock-and-data recovery (CDR) using dual gated VCOs (G-VCOs) is designed for 10-Gb/s operation. The relation between the frequency difference of the dual G-VCOs and CID tolerance is derived with a frequency tunable G-VCO circuit. The burst-mode CDR IC is implemented in a 0.13-µm CMOS process. It successfully operates at a data rate of 10.3125 Gb/s. The CDR IC using the edge-detection input amplifier and the G-VCO CDR core achieves amplification and synchronization in 0.2 ns with AC-coupling without a reset signal. The IC also demonstrates 1001 bits of CID tolerance, which is more than enough tolerance for 65-bit CIDs in the 64B/66B code of 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Measured data suggest that dual G-VCOs on a die have over a 20-MHz frequency difference and that the frequency adjusting between the G-VCOs is effective for increasing CID tolerance.

Device characteristics of In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dot infrared detector (QDIP) have been enhanced with hydrogen plasma treatment. After the hydrogen (H) plasma treatment, the dark currents were noticeably decreased and photoluminescence (PL) intensity was increased by H-passivation of interfacial traps between quantum dots and GaAs and of non-radiative defect centers caused during QD growths. Photo response, which could not be observed in as-grown QDIP due to large dark currents which obscured the photocurrent signal, was measured successfully after H-treatment due to H-passivation.

We developed a content delivery system using a partially reconfigurable FPGA to securely distribute digital content on the Internet. With partial reconfigurability of a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA, the system provides an innovative single-chip solution for protecting digital content. In the system, a partial circuit must be downloaded from a server to the client terminal to play content. Content will be played only when the downloaded circuit is correctly combined (=interlocked) with the circuit built in the terminal. Since each circuit has a unique I/O configuration, the downloaded circuit interlocks with the corresponding built-in circuit designed for a particular terminal. Thus, the interface of the circuit itself provides a novel authentication mechanism. This paper describes the detailed architecture of the system and clarify the feasibility and effectiveness of the system. In addition, we discuss a fail-safe mechanism and future work necessary for the practical application of the system.

It is well known that there is relationship between electromagnetic emanation and processing information in IT devices such as personal computers and smart cards. By analyzing such electromagnetic emanation, eavesdropper will be able to get some information, so it becomes a real threat of information security. In this paper, we show how to estimate amount of information that is leaked as electromagnetic emanation. We assume the space between the IT device and the receiver is a communication channel, and we define the amount of information leakage via electromagnetic emanations by its channel capacity. By some experimental results of Tempest, we show example estimations of amount of information leakage. Using the value of channel capacity, we can calculate the amount of information per pixel in the reconstructed image. And we evaluate the effectiveness of Tempest fonts generated by Gaussian method and its threshold of security.